completed vaccine will protect against all three types of paralytic polio. d once more, the bottles rock. in four days, the virus multiplies 250 to 1000 times. another stage in the complex production of vaccine has been reached. the polio virus solution is ready for harvesting. the endless testing has now begun. a titration test measures the amount of live virus present in the solution. this test is made seven different times during production. next, filtration. a vitally important process. first, the virus solution goes through these metal tubes containing porcelain filters then through sheets of us vestas -- asbestos to strain out kidney tissue and remove stray bacteria. more tests. rabbits are inaugurated -- in nokia latent -- innoculated to make sure no b virus, a dangerous but non-poliovirus, is in the solution. guinea pigs too receive injections to make certain the solutions are free of tuberculosis. finally, the climax of production. inactivation. the power of the poliovirus to infect man will be utterly destroyed. the colorless, pungent chemical forma

completed vaccine will protect against all three types of paralytic polio. ce more, the bottles rock. in four days, the virus multiplies 250 to 1000 times. another stage in the complex production of vaccine has been reached. the polio virus solution is ready for harvesting. the endless testing has now begun. a test measures the amount of live virus present in the solution. this test is made seven different times during production. next, filtration. a vitally important process. the virus solution goes through these metal tubes containing poor school -- containing porcelain filters, then through sheets of us vestas to strain out kidney tissue and remove stray bacteria. more tests. rabbits are not related to make sure no b virus, a dangerous but non-poliovirus, is in the solution. guinea pigs too receive injections to make certain the solutions are free of tuberculosis. finally, the climax of production. in activation. the power of the poliovirus to infect man will be utterly destroyed. the colorless, pungent chemical formaldehyde will deal the deadly blow to th

the attack rate for paralytic polio was only 6.3%. the unvaccinated rate was 29.2% almost four times as high. the studies involved about 8 million children, five years old to 11 years old. even though most of these vaccinated children had only one dosage, the vaccine was found to be about 70% effective. to put it another way, boys and girls who received at least one injection of vaccine had about four times as much protection as those without it. we can all be proud of the salt vaccine. we can all share in the hope that this victory will lead to many more in the years ahead. >> for maximum protection from paralytic polio three in occupations, the second given not less than two weeks after the first, the third not less than seven months later. your child or any member of your family on eligible for polio vaccine in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccines, help your child grow up strong and straight, free from crippling polio.

in 1954, a vaccine to prevent paralytic polio developed by dr.onas all was tested in the largest field trials in medical history. finally, april 12, 1955, salk vaccine, safe, effective. the next challenge, commercial production of the vaccine in quantity, a huge task, complex process, all detailed in this book. it is officially called a protocol. the manufacturer records every step in the production of one lot of vaccine. the first requirement trained side -- requirement, trained scientists and technicians. the equipment they use gets its scrub. a scalding steam bath for 15 minutes. when it comes out, it is completely sterilized, ready for the big job ahead. vital to the production of the vaccine are monkeys from the far east. given the best of care. meanwhile, another basic ingredient of the polio vaccine is being prepared, a rich nourishing victim called medium 199. 68 different elements go into medium 199. each one is carefully checked and combined according to the formula, and when all is early blended, -- thoroughly blended the medium is tes

completed vaccine will protect against all three types of paralytic polio. the bottles rock. in four days, the virus multiplies 250 to 1000 times. another stage in the complex production of vaccine has been reached. the polio virus solution is ready for harvesting. the endless testing has now begun. a test measures the amount of live virus present in the solution. this test is made seven different times during production. next, filtration. a vitally important process. the virus solution goes through these metal tubes containing poor school -- containing porcelain filters, then through sheets of us vestas to strain out kidney tissue and remove stray bacteria. more tests. rabbits are not related to make sure no b virus, a dangerous but non-poliovirus, is in the solution. guinea pigs too receive injections to make certain the solutions are free of tuberculosis. finally, the climax of production. in activation. the power of the poliovirus to infect man will be utterly destroyed. the colorless, pungent chemical formaldehyde will deal the deadly blow to the poliov

from 22 states and new york city among vaccinated children, as you can see, the attack rate for paralytic polio was 6.3 per hundred thousand. the unvaccinated attack rate was 29.22 per 100,000, almost four times as high. the studies involved about 8.5 million children whose ages range from five to 11 years. even though most of the children had only one injection instead of the full dosage of three, the vaccine was found to be about 78% effective. put another way, the boys and girls who received at least one injection of vaccine had about four times as much protection as those without it. we can all be proud of the saulk vaccine. we can share in the hope that this victory will lead to many more in the years ahead. >> the second given not less than two weeks after the first, the third not less than seven months later, your child or any member of your family eligible for polio vaccine in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccine. help your child grow up strong and straight, free from crippl

. >> for maximum protection of paralytic polio, three inoculations the second not less than two weeks after the first, the third not less than seven months later. your child or anyone else eligible in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccine, help your child grow up strong and straight, free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneer randy kerr, are part of a bright new future. a future which will see the unconditional surrender of infantile paralysis. >> tonight, on q&a, david brooks, columnist for "the new york times" on writing an article for the times and the awards he gives out at the end of the year. the sidney awards. >> they're given for the best magazine essays of the year. and they can be in journals or in the new yorker, atlantic or obscure literary magazines. the idea is they come out at christmas week between christmas and new year's. that's a time to step back, not to read things -- to step back and read something deeper and longer

. >> for maximum protection for paralytic polio, three inoculations. the second given no more than three weeks after the first. the third, no more than seven months later. everyone in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination will saves lives from death or paralysis this year. help your child grow up strong and straight. free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneers randy kerr, are part of a bright new future which will see the unconditional surrender of infantile paralysis. ♪ >> next on american history tv national portrait gallery senior historian david ward gives a virtual tour. he focuses on presidential portrait including andrew jackson, abraham lincoln, and harry truman. the smithsonian's portrait gallery has the nation's largest collection of presidential portraits. the director explains the gallery's mission and its efforts to interpret the collection for a 21st century audience. the kansas city public library hosted this event. it is just over an hour. >> thank you so much for having us. henry, tha

. >> for maximum protection for paralytic polio, three inoculations. the second given not less than three weeks after the first. the third, not less than seven months later. everyone in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccine. help your child grow up strong and straight. free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneer randy kerr, are part of a bright new future which will see the unconditional surrender of infantile paralysis. >> you are watching american history tv 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on cspan3. follow us on twitter for information on our schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest history news. >> next on american history tv national portrait gallery senior historian david ward gives a virtual tour. he focuses on presidential portraits, including andrew jackson, abraham lincoln, and harry truman. the smithsonian's portrait gallery has the nation's largest c

. >> for maximum protection from paralytic polio three inoccupations. the second given not less than three weeks after the first, the next not less than seven months later. your child or anyone eligible for polio vaccine in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccine. help your child grow up strong and straight, free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneer randy kerr are part of a bright new future a future which will see the unconditional surrender of infantile paralysis. >>> this week while congress is in recess book tv and american history tv are in prime-time. beginning tuesday night at 8:00 eastern c-span2's book tv features programs on topics like the war on terror with conversations on the report on torture, the green berets and the guantanamo diary. on wednesday, it's world affairs, talking about china's secret plan to replace america as a superpower. the egyptian revolution. and the emerging crisis in euro

. >> for maximum protection of paralytic polio, three inoculations the second not less than two weeks after the first, the third not less than seven months later. your child or anyone else eligible in your community should be vaccinated now. vaccination now will save lives from death or paralysis this year. make use of increasing supplies of vaccine, help your child grow up strong and straight, free from crippling polio. youngsters like david eisenhower, like polio pioneer randy