so far, these guys are destroying the roman catholic church and talk about exterminating roman catholics the german protestant emigrate came over and was one of the great political correctness of good day to give us a santa claus, the democratic donkey and the republican elephant and and could not read in those-- the you may think these are crocs coming ashore but they are coming to take our children. in the background is not the white house but st. peter's cathedral. appear it says tammany hall. [laughter] that was the democratic party organization the first major evangelical party founded 1854 and comes together the anti-catholic weighing of the party with the anti-slavery wing. here is the anti-catholic wing of the party even with roman catholicism in opposing to foreigners holding office and opposing the nunneries and the jesuits and the secret foreign orders and so on. good to restrict the rights of roman catholics to both and to hold office. with the anti-slavery strain but when i say and i slavery keep in mind the republican party, most of the people did not care about slavery whe

they wanted to restrict immigration, but particularly restrict the rights of roman catholics to vote and to hold office. now, the republican party was the offspring of these two strains, the anti slavery strain and the anti catholic. when i say antislavery, keep in mind that the republican party, most of the people in the republican party did not care about slavery where it already existed. they wanted to keep the territories white. they wanted to keep slaves out of the territories. a white man could have opportunity there because they believed that any place where slaves go whites cannot compete obviously because slaves don't take wages. the republican party built itself and bills itself as the white man's party. here we have abraham lincoln debating stephen douglas in that famous 1858 senatorial campaign. the republican party slogan that here was, a bank which that twin despotisms, catholicism and slavery. again, going hand in hand. i should tell you in full disclosure that abraham lincoln was not a religious bigot. he hated religious bigotry. he's all of the republican party line b

. >> you serve as a muslim chaplain of georgetown university which is a roman catholic university in the sense it's run by jesuit priests, right? >> indeed, yeah. >> now, how is that going? >> i think it has gone, so far, very well. i have enjoyed working with the jesuits, with the roman catholic priests, with the protestants ministers and with the rabbis. >> do you have any muslims in your congregation at georgetown? >> i don't think i can -- i don't know exactly how many muslims are there at georgetown university, but i'm familiar with about 500-600 muslim students. and about 200 staffers and faculty members. >> have you noticed any kind of exoticism within the muslim community that's comparable in what we see from outcroppings from the spiritual -- the economic expansion of the '60s, anything like that? is there anything comparable to -- like we hear about on television, pagan, wiccan religion and new age parapsychology? but your -- the faith in the koran, the muslim faith is deeply rooted in principles that seems to be impervious to what i'm talking about here, is that true? >> w

how does someone become a roman catholic saint? >>> also, in india, yoga for prisoners. >>> and remembering the holocaust. >>> major funding for "religion and ethics newsweekly" is provided by the lilly endowment, an indianapolis based private family foundation dedicated to its founders' interest in religion, community development, and education. additional funding by mutual of america, designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. and the corporation for public broadcasting. >>> welcome. i'm bob abernethy. it's good to have you with us. hundreds of thousands gathered for celebrations in rome this weekend as pope john paul ii moves to the final stage before being proclaimed a saint. john paul's beatification comes just six years after his death. it's the fastest on record. the roman catholic church has a complicated and usually very lengthy process for recognizing sainthood. kim lawton has our special report. >> reporter: saints have been part of the roman catholic church f

they threatened the churches, both protestant and roman catholic. they threatened politicians, both unionists and nationalist. and they threatened members of the northern ireland assembly and mps in this house. can the prime minister assure the house that this attack on the democratic process will be met forcefully, and that those republican terrorists must be brought to justice? >> i can give that assurance. i am sure that everyone in the house and the country would agree that scenes of people dressed in balaclavas in londonderry are completely unacceptable we have funded the psni appropriately. it is now properly devolved and working well, and i urge it to do everything it can to hunt down these people. above all, the words that should ring in our ears are those of the mother of pc ronan kerr, who said she hoped that this would not prevent more roman catholics from joining the psni and doing a great job policing northern ireland. >> does the prime minister recognise that lending to business by banks was down £3.4 billion last month in march, and t

and as one minister said, exterminating roman catholics. so thomas nast a german immigrant came over and he was one of the great political cartoonists of the day in the 1850s, 18 zbhaifkts santa claus. he gave us the democratic donkey and the republican elephant and here he is a cartoon and, of course, people couldn't read in those days but they could, in fact, understand cartoons and here he has a cartoon which shows -- you may think they are crocodiles on shore but they are from the roman catholic church and they are coming to take our church and in the background is not the white house but st. peter's cathedral. although you can't see it on this -- up here it says, tammany hall. [laughter] >> and tammany hall, of course, is a democratic party organization of new york. and thomas nast was a republican. well, the republican party was the first major evangelical party in america. it was founded in 1854 and it brought together the anti-catholic wing of the party with the antislavery wing. and here's the anti-catholic wing of the party. the a

catholics. in the year 2000, at the vatican, the late pope joh pauii oered a new translation of the roman missal, which includes the words used every sunday at catholic mass. the results go into effect next november, on the first sunday of advent, but now around the country catholics are preparing for the change. in many cases that means bracing for it because the new translation is being met with resistance, especially among some priests. judy valente reports from chicago. >> my name is lorie crepeau. i'm the director of faith formation here. >> these parishioners at st. edna's church in suburban chicago are about to get a crash course in the changes coming to the catholic mass. >> i don't want you to think of this as, "oh great, come advent i'm going to walk into church and the communion rail's going to be back and ladies are going to have to wear kleenex on their head and oh me, oh my." that is not what is happening here. >> what is going to happen is that the words to some of the prayers and music these people have known for the past 40 years will change. it's the most significant retooling

your question the mundra gone experiment is extremely important it was actually started by a roman catholic priest in the very northern part of spain just on the side of the pyrenees mountains and he decided at a time of great unemployment that one way to put workers back to work was not to wait for an employer to come along and see profit in hiring them but to get them together and set up their own industries on the feeling that workers would not only to be able to run their own enterprises they'd be much more motivated to work hard and to work effectively if they directed what they did they didn't just take a. orders from somebody else though they started very small over fifty years ago they are now a huge operation as you described that very very successful proving to the entire world that when workers run their own enterprise when there is no gap between the capitalist who gives the orders and the worker who takes them the capitalist who gets the output and the worker who has to go home without it when you break that model it turns out wonderful things can be done that last a long time

obrian, the editor of the times of cuba and in the cuban roman catholic church, father moynihan, no relationship to my grandmother, loved for his kindness and great sense of humor. born in the 20's in havana were of irish descent. they were fran emilio. he was entirely blind by the age of 13 but learned gerschwin's rhapsody in blue by using braille scores. he was also one of the major instrumentalists of the feeling -- many of you recollected remember -- the thrilling sound of the 50's that blended the latin bolero with the latin sound. the second was chico, we like always to put these little names to people. my name is carlotta but my real name was charlotte and they called me carlotica, little charlotte. he moved to new york city in 1948, where benny goodman hire him and he became very famous in new york at the time and he died in new york in 2001. one of the pieces of my ticket to ride is how many cubans of irish ancestry are there. because this connected to my family, that's why i wanted to read it to you. in the 40's, my father moved to new york in search of his destiny. he learned to make

. >> australia an bishop claims the roman catholic church sacked him because he advocated confirminged women. morris has been removed from care by pope benedict xvith. moore claims the decision was the result of his belief the church should consider or daneing women and married men in light of the curran priest shortage. the hope staunchly against anyone other than celibate men ordained in the roman catholic church. >>> back to bin laden. as we now know he was not hiding in a remote mountain cave somewhere as many of us thought all these years but right unthe note of the pakistan surrounded by 18 foot wall. barb wire and human shield. we have an exclusive look i object the complex where bin laden lived and died. >>reporter: there are two things. compound where bin laden was killed and pockets of pry mere ill tear institution this way compound if tough to get into the neighborhood and surrounded by dozens of other home. >> it's only 500 feet beyond m me. beyond the wall and trees but look how close it is to pakistan army base right there at those trees and behind the base pakistan pre

the five-year study commissioned by the roman catholic bishop says most of the abuse began in the late 70s and gun to drop and then level off in the 1980s. the report concluded neither the all-male celebrate priesthood nor homosexuality were to blame. instead the abuse occurred because some priests were poorly prepared and monitored and were under stress amid the social and sexual turmoil of the 60s and 70s. >>> passionate arguments over oakland's gang injunction spilled into the early morning hours this morning. the final vote ended up being a close one, but in the end the city council decided to keep those injunctions in place. claudine wong reports what happens next is still unclear. >> as much as i respect you, i will have opd remove you. be respectful! be respectful of us as we've been respectful four everybody that has speaked. you know what? all right. why don't we just close the item. >> reporter: and they did vote, and it was close. 4-3 in favor of continuing to fund the oakland gang injunction. >> to pretend we haven't extended resources on this is not being honest. >> you ca

i am a roman catholic myself so it was such a spiritual event it was so amazing. >> a local chicago family hopes that their store hopes to elevate the former pope to a saint. >> joanna did know for son christopher would ever see again after a metal rod had his eye when the team was building shelves and the families northwest side home as ambulances rushed him to the hospital to win a drove herself praying all the way. >> i asked john the second, please you touched his head please help save his vision. >> thethird joint continues her pleas to a good john paul the second. before moving to the u.s. she worked at a convent for the future pope himself was a young priest. >> he was such a beautiful person. i know he was going to be something big someday. >> after christopher spent four days in hospital bleeding from his eye she share the news for which she is eternally grateful. >> you are so lucky >> she says that his eyes emerge successfully only due to the blessing of pope john paul. >> it makes me so proud and so happy. >> christopher is still healthy today, armed with a master's degree and

peter's square, a million catholic romans in rome this day watching as pope benedict xvi leads them inbegins the beatification mass for john paul ii. [ speaking in foreign language ]. >> much of what we will see in the minutes and hours to come will resemble a mass. but now, the beginning of the beatification rite. [ speaking in foreign language ]. this is, i take it, the formal request that the beatification of john paul ii will proceed. john allen and jim bitterman are watching along with us. so i have that right, this is the start of the process on the day? >> that's right. why does the of rome have an important position in this? >> a blessed as oppose dollars to saint is technically being be at beatified for a specific church. so it is the head of the church of rome who is formally presenting the request for john paul to be beatified. >> a request which i'm sure is going to be -- >> we're operating on the assumption that the benedict is going to say yes, that's correct. >> this is a very special moment, of course. this is a very special day. but special doesn't do it justice. this

basilica there in the valley in vatican city it means that the pontiff who was in charge of the roman catholicchurch for twenty seven years is now regarded as blessed and one step away from sainthood the ceremony was led by current pope benedict the sixteenth who succeeded john paul six years ago. ten policemen have been injured in clashes with far left demonstrators in germany protesters set up car and waste on containers on fire i threw stones and paved bombs at police using water cannons authorities of stepped up security across the country in order to prevent further violence that traditionally a complex companies may day celebrations. traditional made a show of solidarity has been a little quieter here in russia a country has a long lasting tradition of rallies used to use to show social and political affiliation on labor day or he's catarina zoravar joining the crowds a very rare occasion that central moscow is completely empty and this of course is done for these people as twenty five thousand members help treaty and who on this day are celebrating their professional holiday as part of

thousands stand vigil in rome tonight, the roman catholic croats are waiting for pope john paul the second. good evening everyone i'm robert jordan. >> dina bear is in rome tonight. >> people as far as the eye can see stand in darkness, a first for role in what's called a white knight of prayer. at the same time in eight different churches voices echo the voices here, a vigil on the eve of john paul the second. the culmination of a very long day. >> i felt a connection with john paul the second we share the same birthday. and i need a spirituality in my life. >> hear the palace of the holy stairs, the place jesus walked before he died. >>so with the tens of thousands here and while the fishing at night is that of religious imagery, today was one filled with specular sites. the symbol of strength in the coliseum. all of the wildest mom and daughter carry with them a picture from the past, they say open to their eyes to the charisma emanating from pope john the second. >> i met him, it was a great honor and i had to come back proof his spirit is still alive. john paul's message of inclusion

. >> a bishop claims that the roman catholic church fired him because he advocated from marrying. he claims it was the result of his belief that the church should consider or danger women and married men in light of the priest shortage. >>> a washington state man shaved for the first time since 2001. after the 9/11 attack not to shave until osama bin laden was captured ordinary killed. he took five minutes about what he had to do and started cutting away at his beard. his wife says she is thrilled for the country and herself now that her husband is finally clean-shaven again. >> she had not seen that man for a decade. >>> a bay area mother returns to the scene of her son's murder. plea she is making to find some measure of justice. >> what the death of osama bin laden to bay area service members who served our country in iraq and afghanistan. >> i'm terry mcsweeney live in san francisco where pg&e is admitting for the very first time it's having a problem with some smart meters. overcharging customers. story is coming up in a live report. >> high temperatures if you are heading th

about a million people witnessed the late pope be named a blessed of the roman catholic church. >>> historiclack church in the district has gone green. the florida avenue baptist church installed a new rooftop solar system. the panels are expected to cut the electricity costs dramatically. the solar system is being supplied by washington based volt energy company. >>> a national expo is underway celebrating the 400th birthday. visitors to the expo tent on capitol hill can view a first edition of the holy book along with other bibles representing the history of its publication. a working replica of a bries is printing copies of the ten commandments. >> it's being called the country's largest free online resource of holocaust records. today the holocaust museum announced the launch. it will provide free online information on holocaust victims. museum officials say people can assist in the project by contributing to the data base. >> a synchronized dance workout happening all across the nation. thousands of kids moving today, but i visited dc middle school where the kids were wowed by a super s

there are parallels, young, relatively inexperienced, first roman catholic president, first african-americansidents and use of media for kennedy it was television, for obama, social media, but i think the real thing that i take away from this is there are huge global consequences from american decision and also indecision so, you know, obama has associated himself with kennedy mystique. i hope he doesn't associate himself too much with the kennedy's performance in 1961. >> host: okay. in the last few minutes, what do you want your readers to take away and the main things to take from reading your book? >> guest: in some ways we're lucky with the cold war because we had an iconic symbol, the berlin wall of what happens when unfree systems are not resisted by free systems, and so we see this, and so i want people to take away the fact that there are consequences for presidential decision. this one tfsz 30 years of extended cold war, and president kennedy could not have nope it was going to end 30 years later. it could have lasted forever where would we have wanted to go to war? no, but would w

so there are parallels, young, relatively inexperienced historical inflection points, first roman catholicresident, first african-american president. huge users of media at revolutionary times in the use of media, for kennedy, televisions. for obama, social media. but i think the real thing that i take away from this there are huge global consequences from american decision and also from indecision. so, you know, obama has associated himself with the kennedy mystique. caroline kennedy endorsed him. ted kennedy associated himself. i hope he doesn't associate himself with kennedy's poor performance. >> what would you like your readers to take away. what are the main things you would want them to take away from your book? >> in some ways we're lucky in terms of berlin wall when unfree systems are not resisted by free systems. and so we see this. and so i want people to take away the fact that there are consequences for presidential decision. this one -- it was 30 years of extended cold war. and president kennedy could not have known it was going to end 30 years later. it could have lasted for

the italian foreign minister, franco frattini, had said the roman catholic bishop in tripoli now believes qaddafi might be wounded and might have left the city. in an audio statement on state tv, qaddafi did not directly address those claims, but he did taunt nato. >> ( translated ): i tell the coward crusaders-- i live in a place where you can't get to me. i live in the hearts of millions. >> suarez: the libyan leader also condemned air strikes this week on his compound in tripoli. farther east in rebel-held benghazi, thousands of anti- qaddafi libyans insisted they would outlast the dictator. >> ( translated ): this is the third month of our struggle, but they feel like only three days, and for qaddafi, it must feel like 30 years. >> suarez: in washington, a rebel delegation from libya met with top white house officials today. mahmoud jebril, head of the rebel council, appealed thursday for the u.s. to let the rebels use frozen libyan assets. >> i think the time is the crux of the matter, because solving this problem in a matter of four to five weeks might be too late, you know. that's

roman catholic bishops.finds abuse occurred because priests were poorly prepared and monitored during the sexual turmoil of the '60s and '70s. researchers go on to point out abuse cases started to decline after the '70s, even though church requirements did not change. they say boys were more abused than girls, not because of homosexuality but because priests had more access to boys. >>> a former sonoma county soccer coach faces nine months in prison after striking a deal with prosecutors. 38-year-old kyle hoffman pleaded no contest on monday after being charged with stealing $53,000 from the county's youth soccer league. court records show hoffman wrote checks to himself during a two-year period when he was the league's president and the treasurer. sentencing will be held in august, but he could get less time if he makes restitution payments. >>> a former san francisco engineer owes the city of san francisco a big paycheck for his time. terry childs, a former city worker who locked san francisco out of its m

first african-american president, first roman catholic president, huge users of media.or kennedy, television. for obama, social media. but i think the real thing that i take away from this is there are huge global consequences from american decision and, also, from indecision. so obama has associated himself with kennedy mystique, i hope he doesn't associate himself too much with kennedy's performance in 1962. >> okay. in the last couple of minutes, what would you like your readers to take away? what are the main things you would like them to take away from e reading your book? >> in some ways we're lucky because we had the berlin wall, an iconic symbol of what happens when unfree systems are not resisted by -- and so we see this. there are consequences for presidential decisions. this one it was 30 years of extended cold war, and president kennedy could not have known it was going to end 30 years later. it could have lasted forever. would we have wanted to go to war? no. but would one want to have taken action that accelerated the millions of people? so i think i want

he was a roman catholic. catholic when i was growing up until i was about 20, so we had some arguments about that. and he wasn't so much of an influence on me as somebody who showed me that with some tenacity and perseverance and some chutzpah you can get your ideas out there and have them considered. >> host: next question, minot, north dakota, hello, caller. >> caller: hello, yes, earlier in the program, the professors said the taxes are immoral and that you would raise funds by putting a fee on contracts. now, to raise the money for national defense and highways and big, big projects, are you suggesting that this is a form of value-added tax of that? >> guest: let me answer your question is a more general political and theoretical way and this is it. try to deal with someone like a no, ma'amnist who is trying to bring about communism and ask him about these details. what would he do about this, about that, about the arts, about the opera, about tennis or what not? you'll find that most of the people who ar

he was a roman catholic.tholic when i was growing up until i was about 20, so we had some arguments about that. and he wasn't so much of an influence on me as somebody who showed me that with some tenacity and perseverance and you can get your ideas out there and have them considered. >> host: from north dakota, next question. >> caller: earlier in the program the professor said taxes are immoral and you would raise funds by putting a fee on contracts. to raise money for national defense and highways and big projects, are you suggesting this is a form of value added tax for that? >> let me answer in a more general political theoretical way. and this is it. try to deal with someone like a communist who is trying to bring about communism and ask him about these details. what would he do about this, about that, about the arts, about tennis? most of the people who are sketching, approach for political affairs, don't have answers to those questions. they will allow them to emerge but within the confines of basic p

a block from us is saint peter's church on barclay street, the oldest roman catholic church in new york and the fire chaplain was brought from these rooms on 9/11 to the altar. >> father judge. >> father judge, on that day, with buoyancy, with prayer, with the eyes of the world looking on us, on this happy day, we show who we are as a people. we demonstrate the principles that we hold so dearly. and we also tell the world that we are willing, unfortunately, to fight and die for those principles. so this is a day of buoyancy, this is a day of jubilation, that an evil, sick mastermind of terror and destruction has been killed by loyal and faithful and courageous american troos, but at the same time, we steel ourselves and give ourselves new resolve for the future, for piece paste in the world, for american strength and justice always for the victims of 9/11, whether in washington or pennsylvania or new york or our friends and family across the country who lost loved ones around the world, independent -- in defense of this country. jon: it is a great country and great day to be an american

. >>> a new study by the roman catholic church blames the priest sex abuse scandal on the sexual revolutions say the abuse never had any connection with either priest celibacy or homosexuality. they say the offending priests weren't able to copy with social upheaval. victims groups dismiss the study saying it does not address the higher-ups who allowed the abusive priests to stay on. >>> doctors say that congresswoman gabby giffords is recovering after surgery to repair a hole in her comes as relief to her husband, commanding the space shuttle "endeavour" 200 miles above earth. bob woodruff has details. >> reporter: nasa commander, mark kelly, docked the space shuttle "endeavour" at the international space station while wife congresswoman gabby giffords was at the hospital in houston for what could be her final surgery. after being shot in the head four month as go, gabby's brain began to swell dangerously pressing against the bone. for relief, surgeons removed a section of her skull to let her brain expanded more freely. doctors performed a procedure, cranioplasty, covering the hole with a

bishops on the sex abuse crisis in the roman catholic church. critics say it falls terribly short.s more for us this morning. >> good morning to you, erica. in this report researchers ruled out several factors in the sex abuse crisis. the study took five years, and was conducted by researchers from new york's john jay college of criminal justice. but victims are skeptical and say it's the role of bishop that should be examined. for survivors of clergy sexual abuse, wednesday's report marked another deep disappointment. >> the bishops lied to us about transferring priests, these are the things bishops continue to lie to us. >> reporter: the new study partially blames the clergy sex abuse crisis on the sexual revolution. >> the increased frequency of abuse in the 1960s and 1970s is consistent with patterns of increased deviance in society during that time. >> reporter: in addition to social influences, the report cites poor seminary training, and isolation of priests. but for former new york city sex crimes prosecutor linda fairstein, blaming culture rings hollow. >> these crimes occ

and malta is heavily roman catholic, and the vote is seen as a test of the catholic church's influencetennessee noun of nameless may not have a conventional name but it does have an identity. today is heritage day there. and anybody with ties to the town is invited to attend. as one story goes, nameless got its name after people there failed to agree on what to call the community. maybe indecisive, tennessee? i don't know. it's nine minutes after the hour. lonnie with a check of the weather outside. hey, lonnie. >> betty, good morning to you. good morning, everybody. i got a name. i got people. we are back out on the plaza here at the "early" show because it's the unofficial kickoff to summer. it's also fleet week here in new york city. look at our service men and women. got to tell you, this gentleman right here, lieutenant, you said -- >> you have great hair. >> yeah. >> all right, guys. we were just talking about nameless, tennessee. let's go to those maps because it's sort of halfway between knoxville and nashville and i think although the people couldn't agree on a name for the to

at the end of the day, i am a kid from utica, a roman catholic, a person of lebanese descent.er was an immigrant. i respect my arab heritage and ancestry. i am also an american. my family has been here for 100 years. they have fought in every war and served in every branch of the service. the deeply respect the values of this country that are my values. as you look at me, it is important to get to the sense of all those identities and not just reduce me to one. it is important i do the same with you. if we see the other as we want to be seen ourselves, humor in direction and this course can be much more respectful and beneficial and productive of the kind of relationships that we want to have an need to have with people and the world. host: allen is joining us from santa barbara, california. caller: c-span does a great job. thank you for having dr. zogby. what amazes me is is like having someone misdiagnosed. the misinformation in the media is amazing. it is very unfair. 80% of the oil comes from canada, mexico, and venezuela. 8% or less comes from saudi arabia. the arab world

under a perfect roman sky, a massive demonstration of faith. 1.5 million catholics crowding every cobblestoneter's square and beyond to hear pope john paul ii declared blessed. the unveiling of a giant tapestry of the late pontiff signaled beatification. and unleashed wave of emotion. many in the crowd slept in the streets to get a spot in the square, including john and natalie of st. paul, minnesota. >> we camped out until 4:00 in the morning. then we got in line for about five hours. but it was worth it. >> absolutely. >> reporter: susan labelle came to honor the man who changed her life. >> world peace day in '93 came to denver. and he turned me around and made me look at christ. >> reporter: at mass, this french nun who says john paul cured her parkinson's disease carried a relic of his blood to the alter. igniting memories of that tragic day in 1981 for chicago's cardinal francis george. >> with the relic, you know, his blood was spilled on that piazza. now his blood was here at talter. i just found that overpowering. >> reporter: the proudest people in the crowd were john paul's fellow

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catholic church. the church at the end of the roman empire set rules of inheritance that forbade concubine's or a divorce, they forbade marriage up to five degrees of relatedness so these were means of cutting off the ability of plants, of tribal groups to keep property within the clan. they supported the right of women to hold, alienate property at an early stage in the middle ages. they did this for self interested reasons. because they wanted to break the economic power of tribal groups and it worked beautifully. it turns out a lot of widows and spinsters in that period ended up with all the money in the family and when they died without children guest who inherited that money? catholic church. so it goes up by 30% in the first part of the eighth century as a result of these changes in rules and also means individualism started in europe at an earlier point. it was not a product of the industrial revolution or reformation. within two or three generations of their convergence to christianity all these barbarian tribes were already no longer living in tribal associations. and england gets carried to thi

catholic church. the church at the end of the roman empire set rules of inheritance. they forbade concubines, forbade divorce and marriage up to five degrees of relatedness, of cousins, and all of these were means of cutting off the ability of clans, of tribal groups to keep property within the clan, and they also supported the right of women to hold and alienate property in the early stage of the middle ages. they did this for self-interested reasons. they wanted to break the economic power of the tribal groups earning it worked -- and it worked beautifully. a lot of widows in this period ended up with all the money in the family, and when they died without children, who inherited the money? it was the catholic church. they holding went up 30% in the first part of the eighth century because of the changes in the rules. it means individualism started in europe at a much, much earlier point. it's not a product of the industrial revolution or reformation or anything like this. within two or three generations of the conversion to christianity, all these tribes were alrea

catholic church. the church at the end of the roman empire said rules of inheritance before beta concubines, they forbadedivorce. they forbade marriage up to five degrees oven related cousins. and all of these were means of cutting off the ability of clients, a tribal groups to keep property within the clan. and they also support the right of women to holding a unique property. this very, very early stage in the middle ages. they did this for self-interested reasons. because they wanted to break the economic power of the survivor groups, and it worked beautifully. it turns out a lot of widows and spinsters in this period in and up with all the money in the family. when he died without children, guess who inherited all that money. it was the catholic church. churches holdings in france go up by 20, 30% in the first part of the eighth century as a result of these changes in the rules. and it means that individualism started in europe at a much, much are your point. it was the product of the industrial revolution for the restoration or anything like that. within two or three generations of their conversion

romans and then theologized by the christians. and i would just add that we christians have been reckoning with this, and that's the meaning for us catholics of the tremendously important visit to jerusalem by pope john paul ii in the year 2000. he prayed at the western wall as a jew would pray, without invoking jesus, and he offered his act of repentance there -- a tremendously important reversal of theology, the example of the kind of reckoning with the past that has to keep happening, actually. christians, jews and muslims all have a sacred connection to it, each in a very different way. that sacred connection to this place, even though at the present moment it's a source of contention, is actually a profound source of union. i don't see any hope for peace between israelis and palestinians until two things happen. one, palestinians have to somehow reckon with the authentic return of the jewish people to the jewish homeland. on the other side, i don't see much hope for peace until israelis reckon with their part in the dispossession of the palestinian people, and in particular i'm troubled by the settlements and the ongoing occupation. t