it failed the people of rwanda, didn't it?hat we failed the people of uganda, sorry, rwanda, and we failed the people of bosnia, you mentioned earlier. i think what is important here when we talk of the un, we have to be very clear. which un are we talking about? there are two uns in myjudgement. there is the un that is made up of the member states who sit in the security council, who are the p5, who sit in the general assembly. they have a secretariat and the secretary general, there are mandates and commensurate resources to carry out their mandate. and then there is the un under the secretary general which implements the programme. in rwanda, it was extremely difficult to get the member states to move. firstly, rwanda came soon after somalia when the american planes had been shot down and the us withdrew and the western countries withdrew along with them. it was at about the same time that rwanda, which at that point, people had thought was doing well, fell apart. and no—one wanted to send troops in, even when we said incre

it failed the people of rwanda, didn't it?hat we failed the people of uganda, sorry, rwanda, and we failed the people of bosnia, you mentioned earlier. i think what is important here when we talk of the un, we have to be very clear. which un are we talking about? there are two uns in myjudgement. there is the un that is made up of the member states who sit in the security council, who are the p5, who sit in the general assembly. they have a secretariat and the secretary general, there are mandates and commensurate resources to carry out their mandate. and then there is the un under the secretary general which implements the programme. in rwanda, it was extremely difficult to get the member states to move. firstly, rwanda came soon after somalia when the american planes had been shot down and the us withdrew and the western countries withdrew along with them. it was at about the same time that rwanda, which at that point, people had thought was doing well, fell apart. and no—one wanted to send troops in, even when we said incre

about the genocide in rwanda. before you think, genocide is a stretch for what we are seeing today in the u.s. and this discussion over hate speech just bear with me for a second. because i think it's actually way more relevant than a lot of people think it would be. the rwanda and media played a key role in the 1994 genocide that left at least 800,000 people dead. particularly am going to talk about a radio station. this radio station was an active participant in the genocide and it is kind of the model for if you want to marginalize and dehumanize a group of people and then make it ok to physically attack them, this radio station is the model for that. thepower party founded station in july 1993. about a year before the genocide started. was it went on the air it the only radio station besides the government station to air. dry officiale information that the radio rwanda gave the people, it presented a very colorful cast of djs. the djs came on the air. they started popularizing call-in shows. so you could call

is as we are going to close markets to rwanda. and what has rwanda said, 0k, rwanda.hat is an example ofa will continue... that is an example of a rich country bullying at poorer country. this is why the wto exists. take this to the wto and you will win your dispute and you will win your case in court. the law is on your case in court. the law is on your side. you see it... as the head of the international trade centre i spent most of my time in africa, and i see african countries doing more and more value addition because they are investing in people, they are making sure technology is an integral part of the economic development because they are integrating with each other, moving up integrating with each other, moving up the value chain. to trade with one another. and with the rest of the world. and with the rest of the world, i see the senegalese it industry, the digital sector in kenya is booming. the senegalese textile industry says we are getting all of these cheap textiles from china and so on. i will tell you what the prime minister said, they can't keep up w

just a little bit to talk about the genocide in rwanda. before you think, genocide is a stretch for what we are seeing today in the u.s. and this discussion over hate speech just bear with me for a second. because i think it's actually way more relevant than a lot of people think it would be. the rwanda and media played a key role in the 1994 genocide that left at least 800,000 people dead. particularly am going to talk about a radio station. this radio station was an active participant in the genocide and it is kind of the model for if you want to marginalize and dehumanize a group of people and then make it ok to physically attack them, this radio station is the model for that. the power party founded the station in july 1993. about a year before the genocide started. when it went on the air it was the only radio station besides the government station to air. instead of the dry official information that the radio rwanda gave the people, it presented a very colorful cast of djs. the djs came on the air. they started popularizing call-in s

for genocide in rwanda, genocide is a stretch for what we are seeing in the u.s. and the discussion over hate speech, just bear with me for a second because i think it's actually way more relevant than a lot of people think it would be. rewanda media played a key role in genocide that left 800,000 people dead. particularly i will talk about rtl which was the radio station and this radio station wasn't -- was an active participant and if you want to marginalize a group of people and make it okay to physically attack them, you know, this radio station is the that.for hutu power founded station in 1983 and when it went on the air it was kind of the -- the only radio station besides the government station to air, instead of information that rwanda gave to people it's presented a very colorful cast of dj's so the dj's came on the air, they started popularizing call-in shows, you can call in and request a song for your boyfriend or girlfriend, you could wish someone a happy birthday and they played very popular music and it was immediately branded themselves as the voic

. -- remote rwanda and hospitals since 2016. we tell the remarkable story. ♪ >> this is rwanda.en these plantations, village homes and meandering mountain roads is a patch of land no bigger than a football field. guy launchesis drones carrying blood of two doctors racing to save patient'' lives. >> i'm a drone operator. narrator: abdul works for a startup called zipline. abdul: this is where you attach the drones. and in front of you, this is where we launched the drums. narrator: zipline is headquartered in california. but it's west of kigali that the company has launched one of the world's first drone delivery services. abdul: it's beautiful. >> does it ever get old? abdul: no. narrator: abdul and his coworkers are tackling a deadly problem here. rwanda is among the poorest countries in the world, and much of it is connected by dirk roads -- winding dirt roads that get washed out in the rainy season. that's made it incredibly difficult for regional hospitals to procure blood in an emergency, leaving doctors unable to perform many life-saving operations. abdul: you will have to

who won't be too familiar perhaps with what happened in rwanda james just unlikeness. well it was it was the whole issue of the u.n. peacekeeping mission in rwanda and the un security council's decision not reinforcing that mission which some say led to pulling genocide that took place in rwanda certainly something that scarred him and tested him but of course he had the test come when he took on the top job of u.n. secretary general for that ten year term because the thing that coincided with his secretary general was the bush administration's decision to go into afghanistan but then more importantly in two thousand and three in march two thousand and three to start desert storm the operation to invade iraq something that he'd worked tirelessly to avoid remember as weapons inspectors on the ground in baghdad trying to find out if there had been weapons of mass destruction it was a war that led among other things to a bombing at the u.n. compound killing many u.n. staffers including. a special representative it was the war in iraq i think was the central moment of his

and you mention rwanda i mean he did preside over some of the worst scandals at the u.n. the rwanda genocide one thousand nine hundred four the strep in each eye massacre in one thousand nine hundred five and some say his in action when it came to palestinians and their rights at the united nations and you in his later years how do you think he viewed those times and incidents well i think all in all the kofi annan will have a very stellar record but of course both somalia and rwanda were in a way saviors when the united states left after black coal black oak tragedy than myself was response where human agenda affairs we had extremely difficult situation and then came round where of course he was the ultimate irresponsible of the u.n. it was scully but also we had very little possibility to get. the member states to particular troops to play a role because the genocide has already started but i know that he carries that with him and felt great grief and regrets that's why he took this initiative of responsibility to protect a set set the principle in the words of the u.n.

rising through the ranks to be the organizations head of peacekeeping at the time of genocide in rwanda eight hundred thousand people were killed he later said it was one of his greatest regrets that he was not able to do more to hold the bloodshed i haave on and i go beyond sullenly says who have suddenly became the first u.n. staff to take over the top job he prepared the un for a new millennium. his ten year coincided with the arrival of a new president in the white house he is. after nine eleven the u.s. invaded afghanistan. and then dividing the u.n. security council. iraq. he had tried to avoid war with tireless diplomacy and by keeping a team of weapons inspectors in the country until the last moment later the un went back into baghdad after the invasion but its compound was then bombed with twenty two staff killed iraq was also the biggest controversy of his decade in the un job the oil for food program set up to help iraqis lead to massive corruption with the secretary general's own son kojo implicated by jeff. when he stepped down at the u.n. he addressed these remarks to his

with respect to rwanda is for is not regulating hate speech. then we see things in every society with these kinds of limitations. one thing i would say is, no matter what answer we come up with, i think the important thing is to also think about how technology changes all of this, even if we block these kind of conversations, it will not prevent them from happening. charlottesville once it became big, but what about all of the things that were not covered in dark web markets a got everybody there in the first place. within that though, i think there is a lot of danger here, and i want to end back to -- you commented about having queer scholars protecting homophobic and the most awful people in the told, but would sticks out be going back to china is if you travel around the country and going talk to people and they went with students, and the first question a student wanted to ask was, how did the #metoo movement play out here? and the response was, that is not really an issue in china. sexual harassment is not an issue in a country of 1.4 bill

aki ito tells the remarkable story. ♪ aki: this is rwanda.ween these plantations, village homes, and meandering mountain roads is a patch of land no bigger than a football field. from here, this guy launches drones that carry blood to doctors racing to save their patients' lives. is abdul and i'm a drone operator. aki: abdul works for a startup called zipline. >> this is where we catch the drones, the recovery system. and in front of you is where we launch the drones. aki: zipline is headquartered in california, but it is west of rwanda's capital kigali, that , the company has launched one of the first drone delivery services. >> so beautiful. aki: does it ever get old? >> no. aki: abdul and his coworkers are tackling a deadly problem here. rwanda is among the poorest countries in the world, and much of it is connected by winding, bumpy dirt roads in the mountains that get washed out in the rainy season. that has made it incredibly difficult for regional hospitals to procure blood in an emergency, leaving doctors unable to perform any -- many

outbreak down very quickly unfortunately this outbreak is in an active conflict zone on the border rwanda and uganda which is very different from the location of the last outbreak and that's going to pose a challenge itself in the response what kind of challenges are you going to face as you rightly say there is fighting going on between the armed groups there but also of course it is on the border between rwanda and uganda and people are passing across the border all the time how great are the risks as well from the conflict as you mentioned but also from people actually passing the virus across the border into the neighboring countries absolutely spot on so with the ball essentially you need one case to serve as an ember for a large epidemic and that's exactly what happened in west africa where they had over eleven thousand deaths so hopefully this outbreak will be contained very quickly but if it's not a single individual gets out potentially to a health care facility in a different country and is very infectious that they could lead to a large amount of spread or to a large metropolit

in kigali africa's cities exploding and the continent is struggling to cope with an architect from rwanda has big dreams christiane that many mana once africa's booming cities to flourish. in this settlements are daniel under way it's difficult to reverse those trends in front of the government of rwanda is doing a lot of efforts to provide basic services for the residents of such neighborhoods to make sure people are living in safe clean neighborhoods but most cities and africa fests with the same challenges. from lagos to can shots to nairobi governments are on able to manage urbanization and those move into the city often come to afford to build properly expensive brands some slums growth you wonder he's well aware of the critical situation. we are trying to establish different programs then you know from the social program but out for more than two i'd like to train to prepare the ground for them cut into a governmental they're much committed to promoting access to housing recent housing projects in kigali where more suited to the middle class affordable solution is for the masses are

need for infrastructure not only houses but also hospitals and schools here in the north east of rwanda the new primary school is being built using as much local material as possible to have a good quality makes and the building there never even nicely there's also this idea that the basic materials and tools for destruction in africa cannot be built in the never got to it and the what. the fed the seven year old convinced the government that building with bricks volcanic rock and locally made roof tiles is cheap and important expensive materials and that it's worthwhile investing in local craftsmen. earlier more doors with people bring in constitutionalized contractors to build things and leave haven't been successful so by investing in these people there's a chance that this could be replicated also used again here and if these people were to migrate to other districts in the country it's much more efficient than getting chinese contractors a turkish contract as. christian been studied in china where he saw megacities grow as well as the challenges that come with this today he's a dir

will go to rwanda to meet a woman who creates jewelry from waste. and then we will show you appreciate are two solutions to the problem of water ice and in. sea horses mysterious and magical marine animals but threatened with extinction in many parts of the world scientists in south africa trying to do something to save the tiny cute creatures then developed a method to observe them in the ocean have it. sea horses are incredibly well camouflaged that protects them but makes it hard for researchers to find them and tell them apart. scientists in south africa have found a way of marking the animals by implanting harmless fluorescent tugs under their skin. not helps them identify and truck individuals. tagging the animal and understanding its movement and home range will be able to understand what habitat and what area it needs for its entire lives spent once we know this we can demarcate zones and areas and focus that as sea with conservation areas and hopefully that will promote population growth of the species and help the conservation going forwar

he was head of un peacekeeping operations when the genocide in rwanda took place, when the slaughter. and he admitted that this troubled him greatly, that he had not reacted as quickly and as firmly and as decisively as head of un peacekeeping operations perhaps should have, and said often that what had happened to rwanda and bosnia coloured very much his approach to the job when he became un secretary—general, and that this is why he tried tirelessly to promote peace and to avoid conflict. imogen foulkes there in burned reflecting on it kofi annan, who has died at the age of 80. a huge rescue and relief operation is being mounted in the southern indian state of kerala, where unusually heavy monsoon rains have caused what officials are describing as the worst flooding in a century. more than 320 people have died in kerala since the rainy season began in june. more than 300,000 have been made homeless. yogita limaye is in kerala. she sent this report. there are over a0 rivers in kerala and every one of them has breached their banks. when there's no way out, people are being rescued by

the council allow the rwanda. the great. war which a lot of lessons were learned and i think it was an act. or secretary general. stefan i'm going to pass today but the line is very bad indeed can i just try you with one more question and that is about the two thousand and three u.s. and u.k. invasion of iraq that was a moment when i can recall kofi annan showing visible anger yes he had done worked so hard to avoid conflict you worked hard to avoid that war but i think what needs to be remembered is that once the patient won the war have you made sure that the united nations did not abandon the people of iraq and for the fact we paid a great strike back. just tomorrow aug fifteenth anniversary of the attack of the u.n. headquarters in baghdad during which we lost our job there develop. of start. great parents. i'm sorry this is a very emotional moment for you stefan we really appreciate you taking the time to talk us through the legacy of coffee and can i maybe just get one more. from you and that and that's about one of hi

i worked the rwanda mission when the broadcast channel was exorting people to seek out their neighbor. we have an intelligence term for this. it's called eliminationist rhetoric. donald trump uses this. now, you don't see it, but on an opposing cable channel around the country, there are tv commercials that are saying that the left are these violent, brutal attackers and that hundreds of attacks are going on weekly. i'm shocked when i travel and see these tv commercials. this particular mindset is being spread. the president knows it. nothing violent is going to happen after this election. the most violence we'll have is violence against lattes the next morning for journalists that have to stay up all night. >> but when you say it's not going there, i know where you're coming from, malcolm, because you're not an alarmist and you're not trying to be. but i do worry that when it is the president of the united states saying these things. and let me just quote from trump talking about this. the level of hatred, the level of anger is unbelievable, he said. part of it is because of some of

what you think about rwanda and the government what's happened well i'm not rwanda i don't live in rwanda so it would be kind of arrogant of me to sit here and start pointing fingers at that economy what i will say is that that country came from a genocide that the world turned their backs we flew paper out within ninety days ten percent of the population was massacred and we didn't really we did nothing the international community did nothing and so you know i am sympathetic to the fact that there they had a very big difficult challenge everything was raised to the ground i think that they are showing improvements in many of the metrics that economists care about things they doing business participation are there sixty one percent of women in parliament more than anywhere else in the world there are things that i can pick up and say that that is something for us to look at emulated in the black checkers and you come to one of the things you do suggest quite often is actually to make man a tree. brazil it is banditry and in fact more than twenty percent of the population does not go and v

what you think about rwanda and the government what's happened well i'm not rwanda i don't live in rwanda so it would be kind of arrogant of me to sit here and start pointing fingers at that economy what i will say is that that country came from a genocide that the world turned their backs we flew people out within ninety days ten percent of the population was massacred and we didn't really we did nothing the international community did nothing and so you know i am sympathetic to the fact that there they had a very big difficult challenge everything was raised to the ground i think that they are showing improvements in many of the metrics that economists care about things they doing business participation there are sixty one percent of women in parliament more than anywhere else in the world there are things that i can pick up and say that that is something for us to look at and emulated in the black jacket of your computer one of the things you do suggest quite often is actually to make man a tree. brazil it is mandatory and in fact more than twenty percent of the population does not go

rising through the ranks to be the organizations head of peacekeeping at the time of genocide in rwanda eight hundred thousand people were killed he later said it was one of his greatest regrets that he was not able to do more to halt the bloodshed i am happy on and i hope you and sullenly souad when he became the first u.n. staffer to take over the top job he prepared the u.n. for a new millennium. his tenure coincided with the arrival of a new president in the white house is. after nine eleven the u.s. invaded afghanistan. and then dividing the u.n. security council. iraq he had tried to avoid war with tireless diplomacy and by keeping a team of weapons inspectors in the country until the last moment later the un went back into baghdad after the invasion but its compound was then bombed with twenty two staff killed iraq was also the biggest controversy of his decade in the un job the oil for food program set up to help iraqis lead to massive corruption with the secretary general's own son kojo implicated. when he stepped down at the u.n. he addressed these remarks to his successor ban

this is rwanda. between the plantations patch ofge homes is a land of bigger than a football field. here, this guy launches drones. ima drone operator. he works for a startup called the line. we launched the drones. >> zipline is headlined and cap -- located in california. >> so beautiful. >> does it ever get old? >>. >> he and his workers are tackling a deadly problem here. it has been incredible difficult forhospitals to procure emergencies. >> they have to come back and get the blood. it is complicated. >> when a hospital asks for blood, the zipline teen gets moving. you launch it and then you wait for the next order. the dronesy gps, flies to its destination and drops off of payload. the drama has back to base. --the drone has back to base heads back to base. school,udying for grad but all the success is built from unimaginable tragedy. when he was three, the rwandan government stepped up its assault on minorities. in just 100 days, 800,000 people were slaughtered by their neighbors and their fri

other international tribunals that have examined genocide in the past particularly in relation to rwanda and former yugoslavia and we saw in rakhine state many of the same color lines of circumstances and statements by military commanders and perpetrators a general situation of oppression of a minority group the use of hate speech the brutality and widespread nature of the violence the evidence that these things have been planned in advance and studied them were committed quite deliberately these factors have in the past and the international tribunals to make a finding of genocidal intent. it's been a dramatic start to the u.s. open in new york with top seed women's excuse me with the top women seed and world number one simona halep knocked out by stoney is now a.p. while the romanian could not cope with kind of his power and dropped the first set six two halep battle to stay in the game but the estonian took the second set six four this is the second consecutive first round exit for halep the tournament i mean times understand if they do actions our minds take on stood guard both teams

other international tribunals that have examined genocide in the past particularly in relation to rwanda and former yugoslavia and we saw in rakhine state many of the same color lines of circumstance and statements by military commanders and put right is a general situation of oppression of a minority group in the use of hate speech. and widespread nature of the violence the evidence that these things have been planned in advance and studied them were committed quite deliberately all these factors have in the past and the international tribunals and make a finding of genocidal into. a damning assessment and your calling we know for you know more to be done here and we very much appreciate you joining us on our air to discuss this christopher adamic set out see who we've mentioned as was one of the three members of the u.n. fact finding mission thank you so much thank you very much. thank you so much for staying with us and we apologize there were some audio issues in that past interview but in the meantime we're going to get a check now of some other stories making news around the world

there has been a bit of a squabble with rwanda. they say they don't want the us‘s second—hand clothes because it is destroying their textile industry. exactly. but also the point that there is that huge question about china, is china still a developing countries, because they still receive huge amounts in aid, and yet they are invest in places like africa. that is the same with india. india has got a space programme. does it do foreign aid? one of the point of this, talking to a ministerfrom nigeria, we can do all this, we are ready to develop, we are falling down on infrastructure. let's just say these british businesses go to some of these african countries and the infrastructure is not there. is that going to grind to a halt in terms of investing? not necessarily, because if you then are in a partnership, but it is a much more equal partnership than the one of the charitable communicable we are going to give you this because you can't do it yourself, actually i know somebody who does an enormous amount of business across africa,

cases a screed across two of the most populated provinces in the country borders with uganda and rwanda and it's an active conflict zone between rebel and government forces so. demick in north kivu is going to bring a lot of surprises it's not like the earlier epidemic in the west the number of cases is going up and the number of infected zones is increasing so will take a long time to control this epidemic this is the tenth time a bowler has struck the d.r. c. since one thousand nine hundred eighty six it is said twice as many operates as any other country touching the remotest of villages and the most populated of seemed that was a sign of what makes scenes are providing new hope with education filling when a medicine cannot shelob alice. muslims around the world are celebrating the festival of but for syrian refugees and.

outbreak down very quickly unfortunately this outbreak is in an active conflict zone on the border rwanda and uganda which is very different from the location of the last outbreak and that's going to pose a challenge itself in the response so there's no lack of information from a scientific standpoint we know exactly what happens the disease is natural in bats and people get infected directly from bats or from eating infected bushmeat and then if there can be a large amount of person to person spread during a funeral or potentially during a how kids are in a health care setting so we know the science of ebola but what's missing is the education of communities to help them understand that sometimes in the midst of all these people who have fever and getting sick and dying there's potentially cases of a bolo that are very contagious and can infect others within the community so that's where the education needs to happen and to make sure that such individuals are quickly moved to health care centers to ensure that there aren't these funerals where you keep touching people and infecting other

autocratically said the international community failed rwanda and in that situation so again this was somebody who did take responsibility for his own failures where when he was also the person that he got a lot of criticism for trying diplomacy for you know the u.n. the u.n. secretary he doesn't have armies right start military he's not running an army and soldiers it's sort of this idea of making sure that there is a dialogue and making sure everybody's coming to the table and one of the things about that was his he had talked i have sat down he got a lot of criticism for sitting down and talking to saddam hussein at one point he got a lot of criticism for talking to bashar al assad back and i think is twenty's while . trying to find peace and then going to russia to speak to putin and those people about peace and that was the thing even this isn't the last five years or years and you know in the seventy's still out there going let's talk about what we find what can we do and that's important because you know this is a guy that pushed for having a dialogue but he also pushed for thi

security council and others were accused by the field commander in rwanda of ignoring his warnings.orld was reluctant to the send troops in. >> i believe at that time that i was doing my best, but i realized after the gen side that there was more that i could and should have done. >> reporter: the next year, thousands of muslims were massacred in srebanitza. he says it would shake his global thinking the secretary at the time would take the heat. madeleine albright would black him. walk's candidate, kofi annan. >> i didn't have such a dream. it never happened that somebody from the system was electeding is general. >> reporter: he championed human rights. it was annan whose charm and style elevated to him international rockstar status. the man and the organization accepted the nobel peace prize in 2001, months after 9/11. >> we have entered the third millennium through a gate of fire. >> reporter: it would not be a smooth second term for annan. friends of annan reported he appeared to the press to be distant, unable to stop the invasion of iraq. he later called the assault illegal.

the reached out to rwanda, his father's long-time regional opponent, and the rebels destroyed in thear. congo's firstcame democratically elected president and for decades. as a consolidated power, allegations of corruption began to.emerge the democratic republic of buto's natural resources, it remains one of the least developed places in the world. as low as of the mining exports reached the budget, the rest siphoned off by powerful individuals. he has frustrated many congolese and the international community. despite a constitutional obligation to relinquish power in 2016, the former rebel leader refused to budge and pushed back elections setting financial and logistical difficulties. the constitutional court a letter to stay in power until a new vote. the move sparked protests across the country, and the brutal repression ensued. united states and european union have sanctioned his close allies over the violent crackdown. deals,e of numerous fighting in the east of the country continues. in place since 2010, the u.n. peacekeeping mission is the largest and most offensive operation

i think in his time he was able to learn from the un's failures in the past over sherpa —— rwanda andmber of people dying in conflicts decreased. he saw a successful transformation of the way the un seeks to settle conflicts. i understand he once described sg, secretary general, as standing for scapegoat. he remained committed to some of the same cause he devoted himself to during his time as secretary general. absolutely. he created the kofi annan foundation, he joined absolutely. he created the kofi annan foundation, hejoined the elders which was set up by nelson mandela. he did remarkable work on looking at agriculture, particularly the role of women in africa, and as a mediator he played a key role in the aftermath of contested elections in kenya, and is credited both with keeping that country together in a peaceful way and leading to a multi—party coalition government. so he kept active right to the very end and was on the dance floor in april at his 80th birthday party. so it really is a tragic loss that he has died so suddenly, after still being so died so suddenly, after still

he was head of un peacekeeping missions when the genocide in rwanda took place, when the genocide innised that this troubled him greatly, that he had not reacting as quickly and is firmly and as decisively as head of un peacekeeping operations perhaps should have and set off to know what had happened to rwanda and bosnia coloured very much is a purse the job when he became un secretary—general —— coloured very much his approach to the job. and when he did that what characterised his approach? delete when you are doing that kind ofjob, it can be frustrating and you are up against some fairly unsavoury characters from time to time. welcome to the world of the un secretary general. that is what they all have to do. i think with kofi annan, i'm not going to criticise any other un secretary—general because as i said, it's a very difficultjob. but he had a very certain way of emphasising what the important things were, and those were the suffering ordinary men, women and children during war. the catastrophe that a war leaves behind it in damaged infrastructure, industry lives and cities. l