he gave a detailed description of the fat man plutonium bomb to the soviet union. the bomb that went off, joe-one, the first soviet atomic bomb was almost mirror image of the nagasaki fat man bomb. so hall's information directly led to this design. he also gave them a lot of information about the little boy bomb, the hiroshima bomb. the uranium based nuclear weapon. including what we call the critical mass. this is the amount of the amount, the uranium necessary to create a chain reaction. this is a calculation that not only took the americans years to figure out, but actually is what derailed the german atomic bomb program. they just couldn't figure out the critical mass. they made some math errors and they thought the critical mass would be huge. the americans took time to figure out what it was. paul handed this over to the soviets. they didn't have to do a lot of the calculation. like fuchs he provided information about the next generation of nuclear weapons. about boosted fission weapons and eventually about the hydrogen weapons. then there is pontecorvo. he is

because what had happened before every time there was any kind of an outburst in eastern europe, the soviet union would crack down, kill the leaders, and even be more repressive than before. so what we wanted to do was to keep indications of violence and dissent underneath the soviet radar, and we tried very hard to do that, and when the announcement about the wall came, president bush senior was told by his press secretary, you're going to have to talk to the press. everybody is wondering about this. so i said, we don't really know what the facts are, but anyway the press came into the president's office, and he described what was happening and how uncertain it all was. after he finished that explanation, one of the members of the press said, well, mr. president, you don't seem very elated. i would think you would want to go over and dance on the wall, and he said, well, i'm just not that kind of a person. what we were worried about was that this event would force gorbachev to violence and all of the hopeful signs would be destroyed. >> and bush got a lot of criticism for that statement that you

we were imagining what it was it would take to deter the soviet union. we started getting extra insights during the carter administration because we were watching the soviets build some very deeply buried bunkers for their leadership. and it became clear that what the soviets valued most was themselves in the leadership world. so we worked very hard at being able to target that leadership and to make sure that they know that we could. very heavily counterforced. lots of emphasizes on -- emphasis on precision and capability to do so with confidence. we move a decade. we are now into the 1980's and the reagan years. and this is really the high point in nuclear when deployment in terms of numbers and capacity. we were deploying on both sides roughly 30,000 strategic weapons probably e as was enough. there was over 16,000 targets in 1983 that we were thinking we had to deal with to deter the soviet union. the soviets, of course, were going heavy. they were moving from a big ugly missile to a bigger more uglier missile, the s.s. 18. they were increasing their

and we were thinking that we had to deal with this to deter the soviet union. and of course the soviets were going head to head and they are increasing the accuracy and having high levels of fractionation per missile and it was a great intensity and concern about what all of this offensive capability meant on either side, meaning that you can target the other forces such that they cannot retaliate and cause you unacceptable damage and i know that that is a little contorted but that's how it goes. and so gorbachev hit it off and i recommend it to you. the atmosphere is very good for these two gentlemen eventually much to the horror of both these individuals it looks like they're going to agree on the reduction in nuclear weapons and there was one enormous stumbling block, ronald reagan is deeply committed to defense and he has been briefed on star wars and he is now aware were there other principles that he can imagine and the idea that he can deploy a defense is just incredibly irresistible. and so he is thinking that if we do that is, they will not have the abi

enormous civilian collateral damage in the soviet union if it were ever executed. the second thing about flexible response second strike counterforce is it didn't take long before the soviets came to understand that the united states of america was expecting its forces to survive the soviet attempt to destroy them in a first strike and have residual retaliatory force which we could deploy flexibly, targeting their remaining forces and their conventional forces and their industry it was highly likely we have the capacity to do that damage to them if we struck first in that we had what started is called a first strike capability. that is to say we could destroy their offensive forces such that they had no means to punish us to retaliate meaning they had just lost deterrence. that was a deduction of the soviets and i would suggest to you a correct one from the mcnamara strategy of the 60s. we dominated the, overwhelmingly dominated the soviet union in terms of our strategic forces. the russians in the 60s were very unhappy. the second thing that made them unhappy is so

they are left over from the days of the former soviet union.ight now, the self-declared people's republic is largely dependent on russia. another convoy has just arrived from moscow bringing badly needed food supplies. after months of fighting, most people in the city of den yes card dependent on outside aid. most of the elderly have not received their pensions for months. outside the municipal offices, the subject of new russia is on everyone's lips. only a few dare to express a contrary opinion. >> ukraine -- i don't want to live in russia. russia should leave us alone. i don't need new russia. ukraine is my homeland. i'm russian by origin, but this is my homeland. i love ukraine, and i want to live in ukraine. >> others quickly shout out their disagreement. "my parents built on yet," one lady cries. "who are you to give it away?" many others, young people especially, don't dare to voice a love of ukraine in republic. they face too many threats. and yes goes once a melting pot of different cultures. these days, most people here seem to have o

yet, in this age of redoubled growth, of information and innovation, the soviet union faces a choice. it must make fundamental changes or it will become obsolete. [applause] today, this represents a moment of hope. we in the west stand ready to cooperate with those in the east to promote hope and break down barriers that separate people, to create a safer and freer world. surely, there is no better place than berlin, meeting face -- meeting place of east and west, to make a start. [applause] berlin, today is in the past. for theed states stands strict observance and full implementation of all parts of the war power agreement of 1971. let us use this occasion, the of this city,ary to usher in a new era, to instill a safer life for berlin future. let us maintain and develop the ties between the federal republic of the western sectors of berlin, which is permitted with the 1971 agreement. denied by mr. gorbachev, let us eastern andg the western parts of the city together so that all the inhabitants of all of berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of

we were imagining what it is it would take to deter the soviet union. well, we started getting extra insight during the carter administration because we were watching the soviets build some very deeply-buried bunkers for their leadership. and it became clear that what the soviets valued most was themselves. in the leadership world. and so we worked very hard at being able to target that leadership and to make sure that they knew that we could. very heavily counterforced. lots of emphasis on precision, lots of emphasis on a capability to do so with confidence. we move by decades, we are now into the 1980s and the reagan years, and this is really the high point in nuclear weapon deployment in terms of numbers and capacity. we were deploying on both sides roughly 30,000 strategic weapons on each side. that was probably enough. there were over 16,000 targets in 1983 in the si-op that we were thinking we had to deal with to deter the soviet union. the soviets, of course, were going heavy. they were moving from a big, ugly missile -- the ss9 -- to a bigger, mo

the implosion of the soviet union. and probably an electric that was as content, and ironically, as fateful about government as they had ever been -- tells it all. ironically, we have the president that felt that government should do the least probably did the most to restore respect for america and for the federal government. >> anything to add to that? >> noepe. from clemson, south carolina. my question is directed towards something mr. keen said. you referenced how you once ran for a public office and quickly decided that that was not the route you wanted to take. my question is, what advice would you give s when making our decisions about which to action go to spread our conservative ideas in politics or throughout different career choices? i haveve to say that -- done various things in my life. ae of the things i was was political consultant. and running for public office was an incredibly valuable -- was incredibly valuable because it taught you that the quest for public office is evidence of temporary insanity.

legacy .hemes it is important is a the first you -- first event, the requester leaders of the soviet union. georgia died in 1984, -- there were so many funerals, it became known as the working funeral. famouslythatcher remarked, the soviets really know how to do a funeral. i'm definitely coming back next year. it turned out, she was not wrong. after that embarrassing sequence of events, finally willing to that man turned out to be mikael gorbachev. in marchmes to power 1985. after he finally dies, and of forms in the soviet union, but he also begins a remarkable series of summit meetings. mikael's's ascension to power is not expected and it is also matched by someone -- a -- an unexpected level of interest with ronald reagan. george h.w. bush is much less cap go. national security advisor likes to point out either or he waswas a fraud for real, but he may have good intentions. he could be dispatched with a single bullet. this of the ability to destroy the united states. either way, the u.s. should stay on guard. once it actually took office, once george h.w. bush became president, when i s

it was quite spasmodic and enormous collateral damage in the soviet union about it were ever executed. the second thing about flexible response, second strike, counter force, it didn't take to long before the soviets were to understand, if the states of america were expecting its forces to survive a seven yet attempt to destroy them in the first strike and have residual retaliatory force which we could deploy flexibly, targeting their remaining forces, their conventional forces and their industry, it was highly likely we had the capacity to do that damage to them if we struck first and that we had, what strategists called a first-strike capability. that is to say we could destroy their offensive forces such that they had no means to punish us to retaliate. meaning they had just lost deterrence. that is, was a deduction of the soviets and i would suggest to you, a correct one, from the mack mara strategy of the '60s. we dominated, overwhelmingly dominated soviet union during this period in terms of our strategic nuclear pores forces of the russians in the '60s were very unhappy. the se

give me the exact location of the soviet union artillery. give me the exact location of their second echelon. give me the exact location of their special forces. you are looking for exact values of variables. the one on the right is that is not what you spend your energy on buzz that is not of much use to you because even in a moment in time you could find an exact value of a variable. what do we say complex meant? complex changing. it is going to change. what you want to do is determine the relationship of the variables. so in a complicated world, a equals 1, b equalled 2. c equals 3. a goes up, b goes down. you just want know the relationship of the variables and is that relationship going to change. when i got into this, you know, conflict or whatever it is, whenever a went up, b went down. but something happened and now when a goes up, b is going up. the relationship of the variables change. when we say when, i tell folks, we are focussing on when. that's not for the army to decide. definitely not for the trade-off kma commander to decid

it will be castro ejects soviet union from western hemispheric. u.s. brings cuba back into western orbit. this was the then he put on it. he cast the baton being an intermediary to extraordinary reporters from abc news. it was a woman named lisa howard. anybody remember seeing her? she was the most famous female journalist of her time. she was the first female correspondent for abc news. the first to have her own new show. she has been called the first barbara walters. her whole scheme was to find powerful world leaders and interview them, and make headlines with that. her first was with nikita khrushchev when he came to the u.n.. then she set her sights on fidel castro and pepper the human mission in new york to let her go to cuba the camera to -- camera crew. he had not given any major interview since 1959. she finally got permission to go in april of 1963. as wayne smith will tell you, it is hard to get to him. after being there and waiting for three weeks, she went to donovan who was there and said please broker an introduction. he went to castro a

i think when he started out, he thought as he said the dissolution of the soviet union was one of the great tragedies in the 20th century but i think he meant that sincerely. i think armed on linking to power he thought there was a much he could do about it. he had a very small economy, and not great prospects. i think we also made a pitch during the first administration to try to convince him that his legacy would be to move russia permanently into the west and to integrate it with europe where russia always should have been. we spent four years trying to find various ways to convince him that this was his calling, and his people, when i get with him, we had a strategic dialogue that i managed with my counterpart. the word we got was yes, putin understands this is his historical opportunity, but there are dark forces in russia and you have to let him do it his own way. i think as he saw an opportunity to split with us on iraq and make common cause with the german and the french as they made some smart is cool decisions and their administration as the price of oil went up, he became s

pundits and foreign-policy analysts thought it was inflammatory, it was just going to anger the soviet union. instead, reagan gets a lot of hard marks. as margaret thatcher famously said, you won the cold war without firing a single shot. there is a little hyperbole with that, but that speech being delivered in 1986, and in 1989 the wall coming down is often seen as cause and effect, reagan's great moment. bush was the. president when the wall actually came down. how did he respond to the end of the iron curtain? >> there is the unsung hero of it all. 41, as he is called now. he showed such grace and diplomacy, caution. remember, we did not know what was going to happen. it did not just come tumbling down. it was getting chipped away, bit by bit. it was a fear the soviet army might come in and stop the wall from being ripped down. what he did was handhold ,hancellor kohl and gorbachev and took an adult approach to things. do not brag. do not call it a victory. do not say we won the cold war. do not pound your chest. just wait. we did not know what was going to happen. now, we know german reu

[speaker not understood] she talks about how in the soviet union the bureaucracy of the soviet unioname to feel that the state was private property. that is a natural tendency of bureaucracies as they think they own thing. rec and park doesn't own the open spaces of san francisco. [ applause ] >> they are there to administer that open space, but they do not own it. it's not theirs to sell or give away. the other thing that is true of the bureaucracy of the soviet union they felt it was their job to decide what was best for the people. it was their job to decide how people should live their lives and use their open space and everything. it's not the job of rec and park or the commission, but their job to facilitate what the people decide is best for themselves. this system isn't working. it isn't working. it's broken down. we should not be coming here, pleading our cause to ask you for stuff. the open space of san francisco needs to be controlled by the neighborhoods, period. it should not be controlled by bureaucracy. it should not be controlled by a commission appointed at-large. i

mostly in the former soviet union. but i think the essential question, and i don't know that anybody here knows the answer to it, and that is why there's so much concern, which is how far does that extend, does it extend to the baltics? does it extend to central asia? does it extend to brighton beach, new york. >> i don't think that in brighton beach, there will be killing people other people. innocent people bombing cities. i don't think so. you have quite strong authority to protect these people. >> but help us to understand. >> but coming back to responsibility to protect. this is a very serious issue. we started to speak about the responsibility to protect. and after the war with the the -- in africa. in many other places. and you know in some countries the force was used. in mali, the last examples. and this is not what i am saying. about the observers. they are there and clear concerns. the other question is how to use the responsibility. it has to be one country or organization. or who has to authorize this, to

george after i retired, herbert walker bush asked me if theuld lead a team to go to soviet union to talk about strategic defense initiative. and those are times when so many people here wouldn't remember, but we're talking about the all the kinds of things to make sure we cool off the temperatures that were running very high and very serious. but we had tut together a meeting with the retired hierarchy with the soviet union and retired hierarchy of the united states of america. and bud and i were the co-chairman. and it started off by being in moscow at a fancy hotel. but when we rearrived, they said the hotel is full and we are going to take you out to one of our places where we have rest and relax ace out in the countryside and blah, blah, blah. they took us out to a beautiful place way out in the countryside but they isolated. and they had some of the most beautiful women you ever seen in your life. the first thing i did was to look for the cameras. and there were none that i found. important field stein kept med mill dogging me and it was all on s.d.i. and i would sit down for breakf

soviet union had become dependent on oil to finance the budget and oil prices came down. what makes mikhail gorbachev a remarkable individual, he was not the first to recognise there were deep political problems in the soviet system. the problem was in order to conduct economic liberalization one needed to conduct reform. he was able to push the reform further. he was brave enough to risk - he was brave enough to risk, introducing the political changes. and turned out the system was frail and brittle. >> when we dissect history, some would get credit for the u.s. government as the author for the fall of the hall. >> i think that's an exaggeration. i don't thing we could ex-closed the united states. the way i put it is mikhail gorbachev was the key actor was important moves. many of reagan's closest advisors including the then director opposed any effort to reach out to mikhail gorbachev. we were skeptical of what mikhail gorbachev was doing as late as november 1997. what regan committed himself to was building a relationship with mikhail gorbachev, particularly after 1986

>> at this time the change was going on in the soviet union, and there was some kind of feeling that the change will reach east germany because the government and the leaders of east germany refused the reforms that were taken, that took place in the soviet union. so there was a feeling that something could happen, but most of the west german people didn't believe that it will happen in the next years, they thought in 10, 20 years a change will come to east germany, and that was a big surprise of the 9th of november, that it all of a sudden came, and nobody really was prepared what happened in that night. >> morgan radford speaking with historian about the fall of the berlin wall >>> the u.k. is marking remembrance on sunday. it was to honour british soldiers serving in combat. crowds lined the streets as 10,000 veterans marched through london. prime minister david cameron noted that the event was poignant in light of the 100th anniversary of the start of world war i. in kandahar they also observed remembrance day, honouring soldiers that have died. british troops stood with coalitio

they have become possible thanks to the new thinking introduced by the soviet union and other socialist countries in which my country has a part. this policy has radically changed the international situation and created an atmosphere for moving from the arms race to a policy of relaxation of tensions and cool operation with more people -- cooperation with more people. the current events have become possible and necessary because of a number of objective and subjective reasons derived from the socialist society in the recent years. in a way, unthinkable a few months ago, people have expressed a wish for a change. they have demonstrated their willingness to play a decisive door in -- decisive role in shaping the future of the country. despite the achievements in the past year, new things have come up to face new challenges and the radical restructuring of our society has become an inevitable. it is a very critical assessment of the situation and the recent meetings of the socialist unity party of germany has been of extraordinary importance. the meeting has come with a far-reaching progra

he said there was this bridge but the soviet union. kennedy was a smart guy. he thought he could explore bringing cuba back into the western orbit and he wanted to see what could be done. of peacefulpartment directory we only had a department of dirty tricks. the issue was how do you do this? what mechanism? it was too sensitive to have an open meeting with fidel castro. how did you do this? the answer became through the negotiating the release of the bay of pigs prisoners. donovan, a famous new york lawyer. he conducted what kissinger would call shuttle diplomacy. he kept flying back-and-forth meeting with castro, starting in the early fall of 1962, a break in the action during the missile crisis, and a flurry of shuttle diplomacy in 1962 which resulted in a trade of $62 million of food and medicine for the actual prisoners. that the prisoners are being loaded onto a series of planes, the cia called o'donovan said we have three froms in castro's jails the technical services division. they are planting eavesdropping devices, in the ceiling of the new china new

all aimed at trying to support the soviet union at that time.ne of the things he decided was they couldn't keep the warsaw pact countries like east germany after followed anymore. they were pouring billions of dollars into the warsaw pact. the economics helped bring back the wall. in terms of the politics today, what's going on inside of russia, mikhail gorbachev doesn't make last comments about that. >> okay. jim clancy at brandenburg gate, thanks very much. to bring our viewers up to date on what they're watching now. on the right-hand side of the screen, a service at the berlin wall memorial. very emotional speeches about remembering where berliners were when the wall came down, who they spoke to, honoring as well all of those who lost their lives trying to make it to the west. there you see angela merkel as well as the mayor of berlin seated to her right and other vips and dignitaries listen to the service. in about 20 minutes' time we're expecting a lighting of candles at the national memorial at the berlin wall. we'll have more. stay with

mikhail gorbachev, the man who oversaw the end of the soviet union. and lack fluensa, a strayed union, banned and moved into power. many of the great leaders, if you will, of the sweeping change have come here. there's a lot of tension with europe and russia as records the situation in ukraine. >> you were there among the millions in berlin. >> there were observances all across europe, marking 100 years since world war i. queen elizabeth and british leaders attended services. security around the dignitaries is the tightest it's been for a decade. human remains recently discovered from the wreckage of malaysia airlines flight 17 arrived this weekend. the cove jens taken to an army base. malaysia airlines flight 17 was shot in july over east ukraine with 298 people on board. >> pope francis has demoted a conservative american cardinal critical of his agenda. the pope removed cardinal raymond burke as head of the highest judicial authority, giving him a ceremonial commission. he was against commune union to divorced catholics and welcoming gays at last m

well, of course, you've got -- instead of the soviet union, you have got how many nations now? and -- but then and there are also -- there are a lot in africa and other parts of the world that developed. it's an interesting question, and that, you see, throughout this -- throughout this book is the whole relationship between this country and other countries and the number of times that presidents relied on international good will. teddy roosevelt trying to stop the russia-japanese war over manchuria in -- you know, in the early 1905. and then on the other hand, you've got other cases where presidents went completely against the will of the international community. again, one of my favorite stories, which i just love, and i learned so much in the preparing of this is harry truman and the berlin airlift. in 1948, when the soviets decided that they were going to cut off access of the western allies to -- to berlin, and all of the president's top diplomats, all of his top generals said, you know, you're crazy. there is no way we are going to be able to support -- and -- and repleni

and the soviet union invaded afghanistan in 1979, and once that happened. it sort of ushered in a cataclysmic upheaval of that society and reverberations of that echo today because a lot of the islamic radicalism we see in the world sort of comes from the experience of the soviet invasion of afghanistan in the 1980s. and once the soviets invaded, the cia and other intelligence agencies flooded the country with gucks and money, and in the process -- with guns and money and in the process created classic warlord, and jmk, the character in my book, is one of those people. rows from being a school janitor to becoming a very powerful warlord, who operated in southern afghanistan. once the soviets left the various warlords we armed turned their guns on each other and ushered in a bloody civil war and jmk was a participant. the taliban rose as a reaction to the civil war and pushed aside all these warlords and in many cases arrested them. and they arrived jmk, threw him in. >> tortured him, and in fact when i asked him about -- describe the worst type of torture,

and the soviet union innovated afghanistan in 1979, and once that happened it ushered in a cataclysmic upheaval of that society, and the reverberations of that still sort of echo today because a lot of the sort of islamist radicalism we see in the world sort of comes from the experience of the soviet invasion of afghanistan in in the 1980s. once the sowf jets invaded the cia and various other intelligence agencies flooded the country with gucks guns andy and help create a class of warlords, and jmk, is one of those people. somebody who rose from being a school janitor to becoming a very powerful warlord who operated in southern afghanistan. wednesday the -- once the over yets left, the warlords that we had armed turned the guns on each other and ushered in a bloody civil war, which jmk was participant of. the taliban rows as a reaction to the civil war, and pushed aside all the warlords and in many cases arrested them. they arrested jmk. they threw him in jail, tortured him, and in fact when i asked him about -- describe the port torture you suffered. he said the worst was nothing phys

reagan followed in his footsteps and delivered his own rhetorical and political challenge to the soviet unionn june 12, 1987. just two years later, the wall came down. now we continue on our look back 25 years to the fall of the berlin wall and the events that preceded the ending of the cold war. [applause] >> thank you. thank you very much. , governing mayor gentlemen, 20 and four years ago, president john , speaking to the people of this city and the world at the city hall. since then, two other presidents have come to berlin. today, i myself make my second visit to your city. berlin because it is our duty to speak in this place of freedom. but i must confess we are drawn here by other things as well. by the feeling of history in this city. more than 500 years older than our own nation. grunwald andf the the deer garden. most of all, by courage and determination. perhaps the composer p

i went to the soviet union in 1972. my daughter went back in 1992. now, when she left to go back, to go over there in 1992, i said to her, well, i hope you really enjoy this trip. i really enjoyed going to the soviet union. and bring me a souvenir back. so when she got back, she sent me an envelope with a souvenir in it. i open it up, and it was a polaroid picture of her. i look at it and say what kind of souvenir is this? a polaroid picture of you? she said, i thought you might want to see the difference of 20 years, when you went as opposed to when i went. and i'm looking at the picture, i'm saying, what does this picture say? she was standing on the mcdonald's golden arch. she was standing under that. i felt so stupid. that i didn't catch that. i point that out to say that nothing stays the same. we have to understand that this country is always moving like a pendulum on a clock. this country does not move linearly from point a to point b to point c. the country is always going back and forth, back and forth. the supreme court goes back and forth.

we come from the soviet union. we know how to live in a situation of censorship.s not the worst thing in the world. you can manage. >> when you mention vladimir putin, what one phrase or characteristic most defined the man you know? that the perception in the world or the u.n.? where the state department of the u.s.? what one quality, for you, defines him? >> there are two qualities. one for me is important, when he became president, he was in the kremlin. a journalist asked him, how do you think about all this luxury here? he said, i have seen the hermitage. that was important. when he became president, nobody knew who he was. people were asking who he was. the first ruler of russia came from a large city, the first language is german, coming from a city like st. petersburg is important. all the good thing for him come from st. petersburg. >> the characteristics are, he is cultured. >> he has a good cultural background which means he has good taste. he understands the importance of culture. he tries to help culture. he is an intellectual, more than other rulers o

and the yearning for jews to get out of the soviet union and now looking back at that as history and sort of trying to find the meaning in that. >> and so if somebody is interesting in one day, one book and this particular novel, how do they participate? >> they can actually just -- a website one day, one book.com. and they can as an institution actually join in and we are very happy to help them from -- whether they have a book group or affiliated with institution they can actually get books from us and sort of have a sponsored book discussion. our idea is really to bring the library out into the community and so that -- we can have exchanges of ideas where people are at. what's really nice is that what people have book discussions, it goes way beyond the book itself. that's what we really look is for books to stimulate meaningful discussion. >> one of the release why people join a book club is for that conversation about what they're reading in common and how -- what is the e -- shares more personally of one's life that goes beyond the topic of the book itself. what do you thin

marking the unofficial end of the cold war between the united states and the soviet union. now a generation later, they are celebrating. we're live with the latest. hi, greg. >> reporter: yeah, being marked right now in berlin, the 25th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall. truly one of the most historic moments in the recent past. a million people are crowding into the area where the wall stood, marking the wall's 9 mile loop, balloons. there have been celebrations, concerts, ceremonies. angela merkel saying that the fall of the wall shows us that dreams can come true. the moment was historic. it was the beginning of the end of the cold word. u.s. troops were stationed right there in west berlin as well as throughout germany. here is how one veteran remembered this moment. >> i don't have television. a friend called me. i live way up in a mountains. i drove 20 miles to his house where he has television and i saw people dancing. >> dreams can come true for that man as well. the reformist leader of the soviet leader at the time has been in berlin this weekend. but he h

this understanding is a foundation for new relations between poland and the soviet union, relations much better than before. these improved mutual relations will also contribute to stabilization of peace in europe, removing east-west tensions. the pols have a long and nobodylt history, and wants peace and friendship with all nations and country, and particularly with the soviet union, more than we do. we believe that it is only now conditions for such a coexistence and friendship are emerging. poland is making an in port and contribution to a better future for europe, to a european reconciliation, also to the vastly important polish-german reconciliation, the overcoming of all divisions and the strengthening of human rights on our continent. it does not come easily for poland. the second world war, poland was the first country to fall victim of aggression. her losses in terms of human lives and actual property were the heaviest. her fight was the longest. she was always a dedicated member of the victorious alliance. her soldiers fought in all the war theaters. in 1945, poland was, theore

they called on mikhail gorbachev, the secretary-general of the soviet union, to bring down the wall. a symbol of a divided city, country and planet by a superpower standoff. people are coming and there is the night symphony. it is something that germans feel proud of. given the dark periods of the past. this is something we feel we can share with ourselves and show to the world. it was an instance of change. >> there's a lot of balloons tethered to the ground. we saw angela merkel at the war memorial. she was accompanied by the former soviet leader mikhail gorbachev. it's interesting. she's been talking about a new cold war and he blames the west. >> he has been speaking about the world being on the verge of a new cold war. those words are weighty coming from the man, opening and restructuring the soviet union, the ideas that were really a breath of fresh air in the 1980s, if you recall that era, when we had to live in a world that was divided and had an absurd symbol of the berlin wall. because of tensions over ukraine and the middle east, and western triumphalism to use his words,

give me the exact location of the soviet union artillery. give me the exact location of their second echelon. give me the exact location of their special forces. you are looking for exact values of variables. the one on the right is that is not what you spend your energy on buzz that is not of much use to you because even in a moment in time you could find an exact value of a variable. what do we say complex meant? complex changing. it is going to change. what you want to do is determine the relationship of the variables. so in a complicated world, a equals 1, b equals 2. c equals 3. a goes up, b goes down. you just want know the relationship of the variables and is that relationship going to change. when i got into this, you know, conflict or whatever it is, whenever a went up, b went down. but something happened and now when a goes up, b is going up. the relationship of the variables change. when we say when, i tell folks, we are focussing on when. that's not for the army to decide. definitely not for the trade-off commander to decide. you

tallinn has modernized at an astounding rate since the fall of the soviet union.ts business district shines with the same glass and steel gleam you'll find in any modern city. yet nearby are the rugged and fully intact medieval walls, and the town within these ramparts has a beautifully preserved old-world ambiance. among medieval cities in the north of europe, none are as well preserved as tallinn. the town hall square was a marketplace through the centuries. its fine old buildings are a reminder that tallinn was once an important medieval trading center. today it's a touristy scene, full of people just having fun. through the season, each midday, cruise-ship groups congest the center as they blitz the town in the care of local guides. like many tourist zones, tallinn's is a commercial gauntlet. here there's a hokey torture museum, strolling russian dolls, medieval theme restaurants complete with touts, and enthusiastic hawkers of ye olde taste treats. woman: [ laughs ] steves: but just a couple blocks away is, for me, the real attraction of tallinn -- workaday l

the east german government and president gorbachev of the soviet union steptly to take the final and to tear that while down. -- wall down. it is gone in substance. it should be gone inform. -- in form. the east german people are as theirting a new, parents and grandparents did a quarter of a century ago, that the human longing for freedom is universal and cannot be extinguished. government support a that does not respond to the needs of its people. mr. president, this is an historic event. it can be made even more so if the east german government now acts to tear the wall down. i urge them to do so. i urge president gorbachev to encourage them to do so. then, will wey know that their proposals of today have substance and meaning. mr. president, i yield the floor. >> we continue now on american history tv with a look back 25 years to the fall of the berlin wall on november 9, 1989. the following day, east german he reacted to the news. >> good evening. germannting the democratic republic of the -- to the united states of america. what a surprise. seems as though -- >> cannot hear, si

they are re-creating what the afghans created in the 1980s in the war against the soviet union in the invasion created jihad central. it's interesting in this book you recount the drafting of the manual and your note that there should have been a chapter on the information operations and there wasn't a chapter. it's mentioned that it's not highlighted as much as he would like. it's against the radical islamists has been the failure to create. during the cold war between the u.s. information agency which actually did before. and the information operations campaign. at the end of the cold war we disbanded the agency and we haven't stood up and re-created it in a war that is primarily. so that failing is the single biggest u.s. government failing. the military i think has a relatively small degree of responsibility for that. the current events in iraq demonstrate is likely to be i think. help me out with about as alien and because one way that i can read the news of the last several months that the united states spent years of dollars in us so that they were alone they left apart. much o

there were only two actors in space at that point: the united states and the soviet union. and the key provision in there is "no property rights in space." absent property rights how can we engage in moon mining, extraction? that's going to be an interesting question that has to be worked out. and there's lots of lawyers who deal with space law who've been debating this for years. but until there's actually a test case it probably won't be resolved. >> all of the international laws that's and all the regulations we have about space exploration are designed for states. so we don't really have any laws or regulations in place for corporations. >> if we put too many rules in place right now that lead to us not being able to open space, i think it would be an obscenity. i think it is anti-life. >> the most vocal supporters of a space free-for-all are the corporations and their billionaire backers. they insist it is not only their right to stake a claim in space, they're scratching a fundamental human 'itch'. it may appear rather abstract -- but 7 billion people back on earth, s

i grew up in the cold war and the soviet union was dissolved. anything this possible. >> history changes and people -- you get the sense, sometimes, that the participants in this conflict feel their battle is entitled to be eternal. don't the personalities matter? as you say, sadat and begin unlikely people to be at the table. to broker peace. different personalities might have had different attributes going in that -- a reason to be more optimistic and may not have accomplished it. mr. yaw hue inetanyahu is said a difficult person, or are the issues so retractable. you're say, correctly, civil rights, came and went, soviet union came and went, this could come and go, but the personalities seem not -- >> this is why i'm trying to create this language for me to explain this. i think within the logic of war, you know, just recently, you know, netanyahu led the strike on georgia aand within the logic of war when you have missiles flying, then you retaliate. but missiles will always fly out of gaza until peace comes. and the other big area of confli

well, the fall of the berlin wall 25 years ago a key event, of course, in the collapse of the soviet unionend of the cold war. former soviet leader mikhail gorbachev is saying global tensions are pushing us to yet another cold war. >> translator: blood shedd in europe and the middle east against the backdrop of the dialogue between the major powers is of enormous concern. the world is on the brink of a nuclear war, some are even saying that it has already begun. martha: general jack keane is chairman of the institute for the study of war and a fox news military analyst. general, good morning. welcome. >> good morning. martha: what do you think about gorbachev's comments there? >> he think he's largely correct. i mean, we're in the beginning stages of something that seems all too familiar to us that goes back to post-world war ii and if 40 years -- and for the 40 years, the tensions we had between the west and the east. it has to do with, certainly, putin's desire to create a new russia at the expense of the united states and eastern europe. and i think we contributed to some of the rise of

has been more closely allied with pakistan, the old soviet union and russia with india, but those old alliances are shifting, in 2000 -- this year india became the largest buy are of weapons, pakistan inked a deal with russia. how are those representing? >> they represent a sense of each of the countries in the region that they have to find new arrangements that the old cold war arrangements that existed are no longer sufficient to give them assurance of security and support. pakistan in large measure because in fact pakistan had supported the afghan taliban and seems to continue to do so, despite the fact that it is morphed into their own territory. and india, because it relied very heavily on the soviet union, to be kind of a bullwark against american dominance as they saw that as a potential. and with the failure of the soviet union at the end of the cold war i think they shifted and began to again look at the united states with a somewhat open attitude. those that have made a difference and while pakistan is not going to be an ally of russia the idea of put it this way opening up