relations with the soviet union. ken adelman is on the panel and former cbs and nbc foreign correspondent marvin cal. >> there you go. it's working now. i'd like to welcome you all to brookings. i just would like to let everybody in the audience know that you're on live tv. we have colleagues from c-span2 over here. so please be on your best behavior. we'll certainly try to appear on the podium as well. we also have some colleagues from iceland tv as well at the back of the room. very pleased to have here because this is, obviously, a very special event to mark the 30th anniversary of the reykjavik summit in iceland. i'm fiona hill, the director of the center on the united states and europe. it's my great pleasure to be here today and to have the opportunity to moderate a panel of three extremely distinguished people who all have their own connection to this summit 30 years ago. 30 years ago, i was just starting off in university watching all of these gentlemen on television and wondering how this is all going to tur

in poland, i believe we ought to insist that western credits extended to the soviet union bear the market rate. make the soviets pay for their irresponsibility. that is a very important objective, to make certain that soviet union bear the market we continue to look forward to progress toward greater independence by these nations and work with each of them separately. mr. newman: mr. president, your rebuttal. president reagan: yes. i'm not going to continue trying to respond to these repetitions of the falsehoods that have already been stated here. but with regard to whether mr. mondale would be strong, as he said he would be, i know that he has a commercial out where he's appearing on the deck of the nimitz and watching the f-14's take off. and that's an image of strength, -- abstract. rength.t except that if he had had his way when the nimitz was being planned, he would have been deep in the water out there because there wouldn't have been any nimitz to stand on. he was against it. [laughter] president reagan: he was against the f-14 fighter, he was against the m-1 tank, he was against

we had a detente between the united states and the soviet union and europe, soviet union in the 1960s 1970s. but by the 1980s soviet union was convinced that the united states are becoming clear and present danger. they were spinning all the time poring over yes defense budgets, global u.s. military society can american airports and sensitive soviet borders, some familiar like what we've seen today. segments by top white house and pentagon officials like ken edelman, increased operations by the cia in afghanistan and elsewhere. by 1981 the kremlin leadership was convinced the united states was a nuclear threat. march 1983 was a full-scale. this is just a few as president ronald reagan had announced the developer of the strategic defense initiative, or star wars, to launch its ballistic missile defense system that was supposed to shield the united states on the soviet nuclear strike. to which his move from leading g the kgb to been rather busy becoming the general sector of the soviet union, head of the soviet state in 1982 accused ronald reagan of plotting a nuclear holocaust. it was

and then to reform the soviet union. and once he started the reforms they were vastly accelerated with the meeting and then the next year was a party conference that implemented these reforms. that is my thesis. i know marvin will disagree but we can talk about that later. two or three points. to have the great background i learned never pick a fight with of moderator. [laughter] at what i would disagree with khomeini they feared the nuclear attack and because of the succession and ideas to share birthday with robert mcnamara and then make the same point every year to show you how effective that was to always come back from moscow and said basically a blip scared out of its mind putting nuclear attack. i said the last time that i checked the older bombers are lined up bunny their field all of the submarines are in the port at any one time. we never had 50 percent of the bombers on any airfield that was pretty standard i did not believe that for a minute. hi billy looked if he was sincere and that it was just propaganda.

recently, in poland, i believe we ought to insist that western credits extended to the soviet union bear the market rate. make the soviets pay for their irresponsibility. that is a very important objective -- to make certain that we continue to look forward to progress toward greater independence by these nations and work with each of them separately. mr. newman: mr. president, your rebuttal. pres. reagan: yes. i'm not going to continue trying to respond to these repetitions of the falsehoods that have already been stated here. but with regard to whether mr. mondale would be strong, as he said he would be, i know that he has a commercial out where he's appearing on the deck of the nimitz and watching the f-14's take off. and that's an image of strength -- except that if he had had his way when the nimitz was being planned, he would have been deep in the water out there because there wouldn't have been any nimitz to stand on -- he was against it. [laughter] he was against the f-14 fighter, he was against the m-1 tank, he was against the b-1 bomber, he wanted to cut the salary of all of th

one of them is or maybe looking forward, the question of why the soviet union collapsed. when he came to the united states in the early 1990s after the soviet collapse he gave a talk at the library of congress and the librarian of congress said i underestimated the problem. the cause was the inability to workout an agreement and the different repub hicks of the soviet union and that is related to them but that was the thing in the end that brought the soviet union down and the other brief reminiscence about 1986 to show how gorbachev had been through a major trabs formation before he met president reagan was i arrived in the soviet union in moscow three days before the accident. i had the world economy and international relations and i had with me a one-year-old son and that's relationship toif what i was going to say. have been there two days and listening to the radio and i realize some catastrophe has happened many terms of a nuclear accident. the next week a few days later i gave a talk at the institute and i was trying to be forward leaning and talking about the impo

recently, in poland, i believe we ought to insist that western credits extended to the soviet union bear market rate. make the soviets pay for their irresponsibility. that is a very important objective -- to make certain that we continue to look forward to progress toward greater independence by these nations and work with each of them separately. mr. newman: mr. president, your rebuttal. pres. reagan: yes. i'm not going to continue trying to respond to these repetitions of the falsehoods that have already been stated here. but with regard to whether mr. mondale would be strong, as he said he would be, i know that he has a commercial out where he's appearing on the deck of the nimitz and watching the f-14's take off. and that's an image of strength -- except that if he had had his way when the nimitz was being planned, he would have been deep in the water out there because there wouldn't have been any nimitz to stand on -- he was against it. [laughter] he was against the f-14 fighter, he was against the m-1 tank, he was against the b-1 bomber, he wanted to cut the salary of all of the mi

i believe the soviet union is first in outer space. we have may have made more shots but the size of their rocket thrust and all the rest you yourself said to khrushchev, "you may be ahead of us in rocket thrust but we're ahead of you in color television" in your famous discussion in the kitchen. i think that color television is not as important as rocket thrust. secondly, i didn't say we had the worst slums in the world. i said we had too many slums. and that they are bad, and we ought to do something about them, and we ought to support housing legislation which this administration has opposed. i didn't say we had the worst education in the world. what i said was that ten years ago, we were producing twice as many scientists and engineers as the soviet union and today they're producing twice as many as we are, and that this affects our security around the world. and fourth, i believe that the polls and other studies and votes in the united nations and anyone reading the paper and any citizen of the united states must come to the concl

large numbers of planes are coming from the soviet union. there were no planes before, so now we know they cannot find us -- fight us with just soldiers and tanks. we are located on the soviet border. there is only one river between them and us. they have many operations against us and killed many of our women and children, so we decided to respond. yes, they did not leave us alone on our own land. and yes, we have attacked them and punished them on their soil. >> sufficient medical care is nonexistent inside afghanistan. thousands die up four runs and -- war wounds and disease throughout the country. several international organizations are training members of the new generation as paramedical doctors and surgeons. they provide badly needed medical care in all the provinces. this medical training school is operated by the international medical corps. workededics have already in field clinics inside afghanistan for six months. with additional training on animals, they will advance their skills and then return to afghanistan once again. this ma

the soviet union become stronger. terrorists become imbolded and it was because they did not think through how the power should be exercised and not have the american public with them on a plan that did not work and ended up in a way that they did. in central america, what we're doing in nicaragua with the covert war which the congress and including many of the republicans have tried to stop is finally end up with a definition that hurts us and we have to decline for the first time in modern history and the jurisdiction and that will find us guilty and then the enemies are strengthened from all of this. need to be strong and need to be prepared to use this strength, but we must understand that we're a democracy & we're a government by the people. when we move, it should be for very severe and extreme reasons that serve the national interest and end up with a stronger country behind us. it's only in that way that we can persevere. >> you have been quoted as saying that you may quarantine nicarag nicaragua? would you st

when you look at the data too that what was going on in the soviet union then? now this, i'm going to open up a whole can of worms of controversy here but the cia estimates in 1986 was that the soviet economy was growing. at 2.5%. okay? you can say marvin i know what you're going to say -- >> well, that's my point. >> okay. >> we're in left field. >> they could have been wrong. they could have been right. it wasn't a desperately wrongestment. people weren't making fun of it at the time. but it was thought to be respectable that they were growing. you can talk about the ruble dollar convention and conversion all you want and that's a very hard thing knowing how much it would have cost them to build a military and there's a whole wilderness of data on that but i think the cia was better doing relative prosperity relative decline of the soviet union during those years than it was u.s. soviet comparison and they were reporting a growth between 2.5 and then jumped to 4% and then kale down to 2 and 1% growth. but this was not one third reduction. so and at least in ter

and the soviet union. then new legislation that would make distributing explicit images without permission of the federal crime. later the washington post host a conference on cyber security issues. : >> >> what will happen and how will this unfolds from? >> it happens annually in with other wisconsin officials and those familiar said he exposed interest and has a right now that are out there with the donald trump to end paul ryan appearing together and to distance himself even after he did officially endorse him it would be awkward for paul ryan. >> and he is being challenged by a former senator russ feingold. this is one of the state's that both party say they need to capture or maintain control of the senate next year. >> that's right. but this is the first event that they are going to. but the same strategy of some of the other vulnerable like pat to meet the was very much distance itself don't even like to say in the name donald trump base say the nominee. and now will appear in person with donald tru

the intermediate nuclear force talks were song sound talks and i wish the soviet union had continued them. the chemical weapon treating two bm chemical weapons, it was our initiative, not the soviets and we wish they would think anew and move forward to verification to every but he would know whether the other side was keeping his word and much more important, it would reduce the level of terror. we are talking to them in vienna about conventional force reduction. we talked to them about human rights. i've met with the leaders there and we mention and we try to do something about the human rights question. the suppression of soviet jews is absolutely intolerable and we have to keep pushing forward on the moral ground as well as on the arms reduction ground. it is my view that because this president has been strong and we've addressed the imbalances and were close to getting that job done, the soviets are more likely to get a deal. they made a treaty when we thought we were going to deploy the system. i am optimistic for the future, once they realize that they will have this strong pri

the soviet union may not agree to an inspection system. we may be able to get satisfactory assurances. it may be necessary for us to begin testing again. but i hope the next administration and if i have anything to do with it, the next administration will make one last great effort to provide for control of nuclear testing, control of nuclear weapons, if possible, control of outer space, free from weapons, and also to begin again the subject of general disarmament levels. these must be done. if we cannot succeed, then we must strengthen ourselves. but i would make the effort because i think the fate not only of our own civilization, but i think the fate of world and the future of the human race is involved in preventing a nuclear war. mr. shadel: mr. vice president, your comment? mr. nixon: yes. i am going to make a major speech on this whole subject next week before the next debate, and i will have an opportunity then to answer any other questions that may arise with regard to my position on it. there isn't any question but that we must m

in terms of meeting in the soviet union. the soviet union. the soviet union will meet with a lot of different people. we've been very close touch with mr major on mr colin and others that have met with the leaders of the soviet union. but that's quite different than meeting with the president of the united states. the soviets say we'll have a meeting when we think there can be progress and yet they left those talks. i'd like to correct my opponent on the walk in the woods. it was the soviet union. that was unwilling to discuss the walk in the woods they were the ones that gunned down first and the record is very very clear on that. miss ferraro mentioned the inflexibility of our position on strategic arms. yes we offered first to get rid of all those. you try to reduce the s.s.a. and those weapons. but then we said if that's not good enough. there is flexibility let's talk about the bombers in the planes. so that's a very important point. in terms of negotiation. >> you will have two minutes to rebut. forgive me. polls show that most feel tha

. >> the information that he was able to give to the soviet union, was any of the really valuable and did the soviets use it in any way? >> the reason the soviets were so interested in noel field because in the 30s with flashes rising, stalin wanted to have some sense of what if anything washington was prepared to do to fight fascism and noel field with well-placed in the office of western european wing of the state department. to hope along with that. he gave them enough so that the kremlin had a sense that the u.s. wasn't going to be at even the antifascist movement. he also gave a lot of information. he represented the uss at the london naval conference in may june 30 for a believe. from there, he did a lot of spying and damage. but you know, the measure of whether you are a spy or not isn't determined by the quality of the material. it is determined by your will find that to be trÈs your country and inside he was very guilty as when you read the book, as was alger hiss. not a shred of doubt that his was also fined not for the same branch for soviet intelligence. noel field with th

question why the soviet union collapsed. when gorbachev came to the united states in the early 1990s after the soviet collapse he gave it talk at the library of congress. and the librarian of congress and said what was your biggest mistake? and he said, i underestimated the nationalities problem. so i problem. so i do want to come back to what he'll set at the end. the collapse was the inability to work out an agreement between the center and the republics of the soviet union. that was related -- but in the end it brought the soviet union down. and the other brief reminiscence about 1986 to show how gorbachev had been through a major transformation before he left president reagan was that i arrived in the soviet union in moscow three days before the chernobyl accident. i had a fellowship for one month at the institute for world economy and i had with me a one-year-old 1-year-old son. and that is relevant to what i'm going to say. i had been there two days, i'm listening to the bbc radio and that i realize that some catastroph

i said he will make the secretary of defense sit down, but while the soviet union, i simply do not want to make these unilateral cuts. those that advocated the phrase missed the point. that has resulted in an asymmetrical cut. the soviets take out more than we do. the principle of intrusive verification. those two principles can be applied to national forces and strategic forces provided we don't give our hand away before we set down at the table. >> you are facing that dreaded last resort, increased taxes. which tax to you site is the least onerous? gov. dukakis: may i disagree with the premise of your question? >> for the sake of argument, no. [laughter] [applause] gov. dukakis: as a matter of reality, i'm going to have to. as a matter of one we have had tell storieswo that indicates there are billions of dollars to be collected that are not being paid in. these are not taxes owed by average americans. we lose it when we even get it. it is the internal revenue service which estimates we're not collecting $100 billion or more in taxes owed. that is unfair to the vast majority of americ

instead, ford jeopardized his campaign after being asked soviet union and other eastern european countries. his answer? "there is no soviet domination of eastern europe and there never will be under a ford administration." moderators were stunned by ford's declaration and asked for clarification. "i'm sorry .. .could i just ... did i understand you to say, sir, that the russians are not using eastern europe as their occupying mo- most of the countries there and in making sure with their troops that it's a - that it's a communist zone, whereas on our side of the line the italians and the french e still flirting with the possibility of communism?" "i don't believe, uh - mr. frankel that uh - the yugoslavians consider themselves dominated by the soviet union. i don't believe that the romanians consider themselves dominated by the don't believe that the poles consider themselves dominated by the soviet union. each of those countries is independent, autonomous. it has its own territorial integrity and the united states does not concede that those countries are under the domination of the soviet

a majority felt it would be the soviet union by 1970. four, in the vote dealing with red china in the u.n., we received the support of only two african countries. one was liberia and the other was south africa. not a popular country in africa. every other african country either abstained or votes against us. more voted against us in asia. on the neutralist opposition, same thing happened. candidate for president of brazil in order to get the benefits within brazil. there are many indications. guinea and ghana, two independent countries, both now are supporting soviet foreign policy in the u.n. laos is moving in that direction. our prestige is not so high. we have to give the image of vitality. say senator would kennedy's statement will not help our gallup polls abroad or our prestige. let's look on the boat on the congo -- vote on the congo. this situation regards to economic growth as it really is. its growth rate is not what counts, it is whether it is catching up with it. it is not. we are well ahead and we can stay ahead provided we

there's a microphone over there, so if you can go there. >> he was able to give to the soviet union, was any of it really valuable and did the soviets use it in in any way? >> the reason the soviets were so interested in noel field was because in the 30's with fascism rising, stalin wanted to have some sense of what, if anything, washington was prepared to do to fight fascism and noel field was well placed in the office of western -- western european wing of the state department to help along with that. he gave them enough so that they -- so that the kremlin had a sense of that the u.s. wasn't going to be active in the antifascist movement. he also gave a lot of information from the -- he covered the -- he represented the u.s. at the london naval conference in 1934, i believe, and from there he did a lot of spying and damage. but, you know, the measure of whether you're a spy or not isn't determined by the quality of the material, it's determined by your willingness to betray your country and of that he was very guilty as -- as when you read the book you'll see as -- not a shred of do

despite the fact that hitler's army swept deeper and deeper into the soviet union and by auc october s of the kremlin. despite the soviet government was forced to move 700 miles to the east, despite hitler's triumphant proannouncement, i can say this enemy is already broken and will never rise again. despite the fact that by december 500,000 square miles of russian territory, an area equal to the entire middle western united states had fallen to the invaders. yes, despite russia's loss of her best agricultural areas, her most thoroughly developed industrial plants, millions of her people, thousands of her tanks and her planes, despite everything, those six weeks had lengthened into nearly six months, and the dread nazi blitz spluttered, stumbled and finally died. what had happened here? let's try to analyze it. first, in this titanic struggle, not only two armies, but two fighting methods and two strategies came face-to-face. the german strategy was based on the well-tried kyle and kessel or wedge and trap maneuver. one wedge would be driven deep into the enemy territory to hook up wi

why not do what i offered to do and ask the soviet union to do? look, here's what w we can do. we can give it to you, now now will you sit down with us and once and for all get rid, all o us, of these nuclear weapon and free mankind from that threat. i think that would be a good use of a nuclear weapon. >> you have been sharplyns critical of the strategic defense initiative, and yet, what is is wrong with a major effort by this country to try to out as many incoming nuclear warheads as possible. >> first well, let me sharply disagree with the president on sharing the most advanced, the most, the most dangerous, the most important technology in america with the soviet union. we have had, for many years, understandably, a system of restraints and high technology because the soviets are behind it. any research that's been developed would inevitably involve our most advanced computers, engineering, and the thought that we would share this with the soviet union, is in myt opinion, a a total nonstarter. let them get their hands on it at all. there's nothing wrong with the c theory of

i have no illusions about the soviet union leadership or the nature of that state. ruthless adversary, and we must be prepared to meet that challenge, and i would. where i part with the president is that despite all those differences, we must as past presidents before this one have done meet on the common ground of survival. and that's where the president has opposed practically every arms control agreement by every president of both political parties since the bomb went off. and he now completes this term with no progress toward arms control at all, but with a very dangerous arms race underway instead. there are now over 2,000 more warheads pointed at us today than there were when he was sworn in, and that does not strengthen us. we must be very, very realistic in the nature of that leadership, but we must grind away and talk to find ways to reducing these differences particularly where arms races are concerned and other dangerous exercises of soviet power. there will be no unilateral disarmament under my administration. i will keep this nation strong. i understand

we've been close touch with many who have met with leaders of the soviet union. that is quite different than meeting with the president of the united states. the soviets have said they will be when there has been progress. i would like to correct my opponent on the proposal. it was the soviet union unwilling to discuss it. the record is very clear on that. mentioned in flexibility of our position on arms. yes, we offered to get rid of those. did we said, if that is not good enough, there is flexibility, let us talk about the planes. that is an important point in terms of negotiation. havengresswoman, you will two minutes to rebut. congresswoman, americans feel that the republicans when the democrats are better able to keep the u.s. out of war. we have had four years of relative these under president reagan. how can you convince americans that the world will be a safer place under mondale? ms. ferraro: you have to take a look at the current situation. we have 50,000 new their warheads. we're building at the rate of five-x per day and we have been doing that since t

the region's population has been in decline ever since the collapse of the soviet union. the number stands at around 6 million people today. and is projected to fall to just over 5 million by 2050. the land grant law is designed to stem the outflow of people, and contribute to new development in the region. local residents began applying on june 1st. >> i will apply, i intend to farm and grow berries. >> this is a good law. it's a great opportunity for people with initiative. >> i have a project i want to begin. the problem is, it will cost a lot of money to get started. >> we have to find a way to stop people from leaving the far east. while also attracting new residents. giving away land will encourage people to stay in the far east region. >> president putin is offering free land. we look at how russians are respond i responding. >> this is a video made by the russian government to promote the new law. >> following the enactment of the far east one hectare law, all russian citizens will be able to receive one hectare of land in the far east, free of charge. current res

and a few months ago there were over 80 people in the former soviet union. we did that with the harryman institute and we know covering the world has been more dangerous which is why the opc joined with the frontline freelance register to protect journalists, other advocacy groups, and news organizations for principles protecting freelancers on dangerous assignments. if you are not already a member please consider joining. there are applications and it is very easy to join. if you are 29 and under, and and foreign correspondents for 23 years until 2011. and "putin country: a journey into the real russia" is her second book, the first was megan in baghdad. the courage in journalism award for the media foundation. and recognizing environmental reporting. next is bill keller, editor-in-chief of the marshall project. he worked for the new york times from 1984 to 2014 as a correspondence, editor and op-ed columnist. he covered the collapse of the soviet union, winning a pulitzer prize, and 2003 until 2011 he was executive editor of the new york times. so take it

spies," and the judge sentenced them to death for putting the atomic bomb in the hands of the soviet union, but there's ample evidence the u.s. government knew at the time that the information david greenglass gave to the soviets was of minor value. the prosecutors knew the information the rosenbergs had access to was not the... the crown jewels of the atomic world? >> radosh: yes, but they were pushing for a prosecution without using the hardest evidence they could... they had. couldn't be used. >> cooper: that's because in the 1940s, the u.s. government had been secretly intercepting soviet messages, and it didn't want the soviets to know it had broken their code. so, instead, prosecutors pressured david greenglass and his wife ruth to testify against julius and ethel rosenberg. michael and robby argue that prosecutors framed their mother by inventing evidence that she typed up david greenglass' notes on the atomic bomb. >> greenglass: where do i sit? right there? >> yes, sir. his sister typed up his notes, david greenglass told "60 minutes'" correspondent bob simon, it was a lie. >> sim

to fly away into the heart of the soviet union in the late '80s was to take a step beyond the feared iron curtain, political and psychological barrier that kept 280,000,000 citizens walked away for citizens locked away for the rest of the world. secret police were everywhere in moscow visiting tours businessman, and journalists who expected their phones to be tap, their hotel rooms to be dug detailed around town the preferred vehicle and dark suited vehicle minders. a new reality started to replace their traditional east versus west rivalry. the openness of the communist party's marching orders of the day and in it came came and feared western money. it was into this charged environment that hank roger flew of februarf three competing westerners dissenting on moscow nearly simultaneously. each was chasing the same prize and they're having a profound impact on people around the world. that technology was perhaps the greatest cultural exports in the history of the ussr and was called tetris. this deceptive lee simple game circled the globe multiple times in multiple formats before they

you have to understand the soviet union. you have to understand how they will respond. sitting on that senate armed services committee for eight years has given me the experience to deal with the soviet union and how we can move forward,. that is just one of the troubling issues that are going to be facing this nation. and i am prepared. sen. bentsen: i cannot leave something on the table he has charged me with. let us get to that one. when you talk about the breakfast club, as you know, that was perfectly legal. i formed it and i close it down almost immediately, because i thought the perception was bad. ,[applause] it is the same law, the less you invite high-priced lobbyists down to williamsburg. bring them down and entertain them playing golf playing tennis,, and bring republican senators down there to have exchange for the contribution campaign. the same kind of law that lets you have honorariums, and you have collected over a quarter of a million dollars of honorariums now, speaking to various interest groups. there is no control over what you do with that money.

so what was going on in the soviet union next? it will open a whole can of forms of controversy but the cia estimates 1986 the soviet economy was growing at 2.5%. you can say that and they could have been wrong. fate could have been right. people were making fun of it at the time that it was respectable but they were growing. you can talk about the conversion all you want. there is a whole military wilderness of data with the relative decline during those years of the u.s. soviet comparison. this cia was reporting in '86 and '87 there was a growth and then it jumped up at 4% bennett came down at 2% and 1%. does not a precipitous decline one and the per-capita wealth of the soviet union is where they go for a vacation. it has a per capita income of $1,000. they were so pour and out of it and getting pour all the time. to have a revolution. i just don't buy that. rtc that evidence in history for the ottoman empire to be put into decline one. >> wide did it break up? because gorbachev wobble wanted to compete with united states in te

saying that if you elect barry goldwater, we could end up in a nuclear confrontation with the soviet union in his campaign. - an un-rebutted attack is an attack that will be believed. [mellow music] - and we had no debates. in the absence of debates, advertising is more powerful, because debates can become a means of holding candidates accountable for the deceptions in their ads. male announcer: he also said, "i like barry goldwater." - the senator said, "it is just like a bull fight. "you're gonna get gored. you're gonna recover. just keep campaigning." he would not quit, he would not give up. - and here the democrats were doing something that was really duplicitous. male announcer: in a "saturday evening post" article dated august 31, 1963, barry goldwater said, "sometimes i think this country would be better off "if we could just saw off the eastern seaboard and let it float out to sea." can a man who makes statements like this be expected to serve all the people justly and fairly? - that was a joke. that was goldwater saying to the rockefeller republicans-- the moderate republicans-- "

the soviet union, the eastern portion. the soviet zone encircles berlin, which itself becomes a divided city, creating far-reaching problems for the occupying troops. little more than a decade before, the german capital danced gaily to the waltz in three-quarter time. now the strings are silent. germany waits. in the beginning, we hoped for collaboration. history is an enigma. between the collaboration of yesterday and the conference of today is an abyss. disagreement between the soviets over occupation policies mount. soon, the only area of cooperation remaining in berlin is the spandau prison, where troops of the occupying nations keep watch over nazi war criminals. in june, 1948 -- blockade. the rehabilitation of west germany is interrupted. the threat of starvation for 2 million citizens of west berlin. a blockade imposed by the communists to force withdrawal of the western allied forces. but the west does not withdraw. instead, the berlin airlift launched by a combined allied task force. the united states army now mars