cheers on the berliners. kennedy sent clay and johnson to meet them and it was a triumph which helped to start turn around the situation in berlin. khrushchev watched that process very nervously. every 20 minutes he made a call saying, how are things going? he said, they are fine, relax. we're letting them through. we are not letting the east germans. they would not let the east germans get near the convoy. the soviets wouldn't. the convoy went in. i might add that kennedy also had ted clifton check every ten minutes. everybody was nervous. a stray shot and there was a risk of war. kennedy also sent general clay to berlin. he wanted to put clay in charge of the city of the american administration of the city. but the american military, general clark and the american ambassador objected. they said, no, we have our channels. you cannot put clay in. kennedy said to clay, look, i cannot give you command, but you can call me anytime. i want you to be there as my adviser. i don't trust anybody else. he didn't say th

he came to the summitt to talk about berlin. who wants to talk about laos, in his opinion that's important to the lay you slans hand he didn't want to talk about arms control very much because it was an arcane subject no prime minister should be dealing with. at the end of the first day of the meeting, he said to kennedy, we have not talked about berlin. we have to talk about berlin. i'm going to sign a peace treaty and i'm going to tell you what i'm going to do. kennedy nodded and they had dinner together and the next day they met again and started talk about laos again. he got more and more impatient and they finally got to berlin only when there was an hour left and that was all, at the end of the second day and by then, he was beside himself and he threatened. he said, they were going to sign a peace treaty and he stayed allied rights would vanish and they would have to recognize that this would be the new world. kennedy reacted rather firmly. he said, look, you've got to recognize. we're not talking about laos. this is berli

by 1962 he went through the berlin crisis. he would know what worked and what didn't work and he was ready to take the kind of action which you know. i'm not going to go through the details. you know the story of what happened in cuba. interestingly enough the day that kennedy made his speech or the next day, about the missiles, they began withdrawing from east germany. and they began quickly to pick up the pipelines. that will re-enforce that there was a connection there. in november, 1962, after the end of the berlin crisis, i happen to be in new york. i met with general clay as i often did in new york at the lynx club. we had a drink together. he believed that he would have never dared to try the cuban venture if kennedy acted more firmly in berlin. that's a bit of special pleading, i recognize. this might be worthwhile for you to think about. pushing back hard on every occasion when he would try anything was in clay's mind the thing to do in order to discourage the soviets from trying something else. clay, like kennedy, ken

he picked up the refugee and flew him back to west berlin. on the way out the east german guards pointed their guns at us, but we knew they would not shoot. clay found that kennedy supported him much of the time, not always. but there was a lot of opposition toward clay. clay was trying to do things to demonstrate that the american presence in berlin was something we took seriously. that we weren't going to let ourselves be harassed out of it. but he had a lot of opposition in washington. one was mac bundy. one was dean rusk. secretary of state. he said to clay, you shouldn't react to everything that the soviets and east germans do. you should only react when they affect our vital interest. nobody who exactly what that meant. in any case, clay did not listen to him. the british prime minister, harold mcmillan who wanted us out of berlin and told kennedy that, called clay a senile and bitter old ass, which was not exactly a term of endearment. but which reflected the british policy. i wonder whether the documents that you're releasing shows som

acquiescing the berlin wall. but actually a year later you had the cuban missile crisis. you had an increase that the threat of nuclear war. because the leader of the soviet union and kruschev decided through what he had seen in 1961 that kennedy he could take advantage of kennedy. >>> what are lessons for modern policy makers from 1961? >> the united states shifts world events through actions and inaction. that the perception of american weakness is almost as dangerous as weakness. and in 1961, kruschev perceived america as weak. the american president as weak. even though we had huge military superiority, particularly in a nuclear sense and that led to a near nuclear war over cuba a year later. >>> fred, thanks very much. coming up, america's top >>> seals landing from a nuclear submarine emerging on pitch dark somalian beaches. special operations units teeming with kenyan and forces from ethiopia. a series of stories detailing america's secret offensive in the horn of offer ca. sean, -- of africa, sean, glad to

who owned the berlin to baghdad railway company? the deutsche bank. you need to understand this. because even today no one knows who owned or now owns the oil of mesopotamia. the deutsche bank had the right to exploit it. so, they're exploiting the oil. they are doing mineral surveys. they're getting ready to have a major drilling operation. and winston churchill says we need oil for our naval fleet. they used to say oil don't grow in england. where are you going to get it? mesopotamia, called the sultan and he said we want that oil. we want the right to dig up the oil. the oil is not out of the ground yet. the sultan said i can't give it a. i gave it to the deutsche bank. he said we want it anyway. break your deal with the deutsche bank. now, why was, why was winston churchill and england capable of pressuring the sultan in this fashion? i told you a moment ago that the ottoman empire was broke. how broke or they? they were actually bankrupt. and as a result of this, the national debt of the ottoman empire was owned by the international debt commission that controlled taxes, lev

to the airline sector, air berlin has reported a drop in passengers for the second month in a row.many's second-largest airline says that it is caring 12% fewer people in december, although passenger figures were up for the year as a whole. the carrier has been cutting flight connections and seats as it tries to return to profit. air berlin has been in the red for years, but better times to be on the horizon but they got a boost last night when another airline agreed to buy more than 29% of shares there. that is your business update. >> a breaking story we're following closely. officials have issued a local tsunami warning in western indonesia. they say the threat is low. this follows a powerful quake of the island of sumatra. the epicenter of these 7.3 magnitude earthquake was about 420 mm from a city. no reports of casualties or damage thus far. to the united states now, where voters in new hampshire are casting their ballots in the president joe primaries. barack obama is running unopposed in the democrats' side. on the republican side, mitt romney hopes he can build on his narr

but brolin is putting a positive spin on the uighurs. dep -- berlinputting a positive spin on the figures. >> philipp roesler exist there's optimism. more jobs, higher wages, solid growth. that is what the government backer of stability. >> we have put the crisis behind us much more quickly than most other industrialized nations. but growth has slowed significantly since last autumn because of economic factors abroad. slow, as is the u.s. recovery. and developing countries are losing steam. >> germany recorded strong growth last year, 3%. this year, that will slow to just 0.7%. in 2013, it is expected to bounce back. the picture could still be clouded by the financial markets, and any escalation of the eurozone debt crisis, but of those threats do not materialize, berlin expects employment to hit record levels. it is is forecasting 220,000 new jobs for this year. >> germany is a leader in the labor market, not just in europe, the world. we're seeing the benefits of star sheryl reforms and the agreements reached by unions and employers. the labor marke

the berlin crisis is considered a milestone of the cold war by many historians. built in august of 1961, the wall straighted is the city in two parts. east and west. two months later in october of 1961, soviet and u.s. tanks

has the leadership of the eurozone effectively been handed to paris and berlin? two nations forge policies little or no input from weaker members of the currency union. those certainly were some of the concerns on the eurozone periphery as german chancellor angela merkel and french president nicolas sarkozy met for talks here in berlin. but others are applauding the deal, strong leadership is essential to end the eurozone debt crisis, especially with bond market's excess -- injecting ever higher rates for a debt-ridden countries. as they draw closer politically, the two have been subject to increasing scrutiny and some lampooning as well. ♪ >> madam merkel -- [speaking foreign language] >> [speaking foreign language] >> only two of the high tablelen the roles of the diluted old lady in her darkened butler in an internet spoof of one of germany's favorite comedy sketches. here, it is not the aristocratic dinner guests missing. it is the other eu leaders. in real life, is seen sense of merkel and nicolas sarkozy want to be seen as the first couple in europe. their

it is safe to walk the streets at night in berlin. there is no corruption on the scale you see in russia, and you get what you expect to get. >> russia is everywhere in berlin. one area was already known in the east german era. it's still has the original early 1960's styling. tonight is russianized and the mood is just as it was when the first wave arrived in berlin a century ago. many of the new immigrants are students. young russians adapt easily to life in germany. an estimated 100,000 russian speakers now live in berlin. there are russian-language newspapers, magazines, even a radio station broadcasting 12 hours a day. the media company keeps the lines of communication to the old country open. today's russia is very different from the one many expatriates' left many years ago. >> they have come to germany to stay. these are their new homes. most acquired german citizenship. they owned homes here. their children go to school here. most, nearly 95%, stay here permanently. >> a painter and musician did not want to come to germany at

it looks like an ordinary scene at one of the many bars in berlin except there is one thing which makes this party totally different from all the others the parties they must get out and. the pirate party germany that's right and this is an annual meeting of a political party and all these people or i'm only it's eighteen thousand members across germany like me treat was tired of the mainstream and i was really disappointed in. all this the same way. the faces of. the firefighters are different one of its key differences apart from the style in general is a software system called liquid feedback allowing ordinary germans the opportunity to propose policies online the pirate stand for more transparency and freedom on the internet but when it comes to core issues like the economy and we don't have currently a stand on this crisis maybe we'll have the next federal convention but this wasn't a problem at the previous election for the berlin state problem a time when the port authority managed to win nearly ninety percent of the vote securing fifteen seats most people who act they say are ju

the roots go back to a jewish sports club founded in berlin at the end of the 19th century.nned in 1938 by the nazis, and many of the members were persecuted, even murder. after it was refunded in 1970, they may promoting dialogue between jews and non-jews a top priority. for the team coach, encouraging tolerance has benefits that go beyond sport. >> i believe that this board can make a major contribution towards that in certain sections of society. i am a little uneasy with the word tolerant. being tolerant means putting up with someone. you do not have to put up with anything. i respect my players and opponents, so i am not putting up with them. i am accepting them as they are. >> his players said the best way to earn respect is by winning matches. >> we are successful. we are a multi-cultural team, and that is the important thing. at the end of the day, i think we're also accepted when we're not playing soccer. >> the team puts tolerance to the test in germany, both on and off the pitch. >> and that is all we have time for this hour here on dw-tv. thank you for joining us

in 1942, senior not seize and officials gathered in the berlin suurb to coordinate the genocide of european- seniro nazis and officials gathered to coordinate the genocide of european jews. >> it was here the officials met to plan the murder of the jews. they will be marking teh anniversary. >> we will not forget, not after 70 years, not after 700 years, or even more. i say now to the german president, and to our german friends, share now in our memory. do not let anyone forget. >> the conference convened on january 20th, 1942, organized by senior ss officers and was a brief meeting of bureaucrats to coordinate hitler's plans for the genocide of europe's jews. they called the final solution, deport them to eastern europe and kill them. they put the plan into action. millions of people were murdered. >> we will and must do everything possible to make sure this has never has a place for others it in germany. >> to make sure the crimes are not forgotten, this bill was turned into a memorial center 20 years ago. -- thte villa was turned into a memorial. "in depth" next. don't go away. >> welcom

since the collapse of the iron curtain and the berlin wall, we've seen people not only in europe but also and other nations look to america for these ideas on human freedom and ideas on how to put together a constitution. so i think our system of government and the foundations of its republic, they are greater than any one president, one governor or congressman or anything else. because it has worked. we have had some other dark periods in our history. the mid 1800's. through all of those challenges, the basic structure of america has remained unchanged. the basic secret of success, while we may have lost it for a period of time, while we have administrations that may not understand it like this administration does not get it, i think the people come around and make the right corrective action. just like the market has a correction, i think the electorate will have a correction in november. will get conservative leadership restored. because the small businessman are always going to be the linchpin -- 70% of all the businesses in america are created by that small business guy. bill ga

the minute they roll toward, and their tanks rolled into berlin we would have the choice give them lessberlin in a matter of hours which would have been horrific for europe. to some kind of first use of nuclear weapons and stop them in their tracks. kennedy said i'm not going to that step is that step is horrible. it puts us in the position of wanting a third world war. kennedy knew this. ike would say, just say no to them. that might work and it might not at this time went on it became more likely that it would not work that the russians knew we wouldn't use of nuclear weapons and in the end we would not use them. by the way goldwater never thought we would use nuclear weapons so in that and it was not a good laugh and that is what kennedy realize. he realized it was not a bluff because we would not blow up the world that he decided he needed to do something about it. the best thing that happened was, remember fulbright on "meet the press" the chairman of the foreign relations committee. that was the key signal to the russians. if you cut off east berlin we can live with that, just don

you have to be careful with the russians, about berlin because they promised the community during the campaign and 60 that berlin was worth a nuclear war. well, it's easier to say that inside a nuclear war over berlin. >> guest: he wanted to avoid his number one goal. >> host: august the 6120 cents every message possible, we are going to normalize it. unrecognized east germans and all of that. and now here comes the wall. better wall than they were. he's written a book called them and 61, in which he tries to make the case that kennedy was ruled by khrushchev once again. we should knock down the wall. just go as we watch this presidential election we are now covering, the most important question is you have to ask whether we always ask whether it's okay to bomb iran. what is the second step? we had 15,000 by nato forces. the french come in to. guess how many of the russians had? 350,000. the minute they rolled into berlin,, we would have a choice to give in to west berlin in a matter of hours, which would have been horrific for europe, or go to some kind of nuclear weapons and stop th