let me present tom horrocks. hello, everyone, can you hear me? i'm going to be showing some slides of several campaigns of lincoln's biographies of the 1860s. i need to talk a little bit about the '60 campaign biographies to put the 1864 campaign biographies into context. there's two points that i want to make at the outset. one is the close relationship between the world of politics, many newspapers were aligned with the political party, newspapers and their editors were openly partisan, this is a trefbtd that began in the 1920s, when newspapers became the favorite prichblt media. newspapers were part of an extensive and powerful publishing industry that emerged in the first half of the 19 hth century, aided bied a mans vancements in communication, technology and transportation, increasing literacy and the spread of mass education and the rise of an urban middle class consumer. with the expansion of voting rights for white males, more and more americans became interested and involved in the political process. politicians had to adjust to this tr

let me present tom horrocks. >> hello, everyone. can you hear me? i'm going to be showing some slides early on of several lincoln's calm ina biographies from 1860s. don't get upset. i do understand i'm talking about 1864 but i need to show -- talk a little bit about the '60 campaign biographies to put the 1864 campaign biographies into conte context. there's two points i want to make at the outset. one is the close relationship between the world of prim and politics by mid 19th century, many newspapers and their editors were aligned with a political party. newspapers and their editors were openly partisan. this is a trend that began in the 1820s when newspapers became the favorite print medium for political news. newspapers were part of an extensive and powerful publishing industry that emerged in the first half of the 19th century, aided by advancements in communications, technology, and transportation, increasing literacy and the spread of mass education and rise of an urban middle class consumer. with the expansion of voting rights for white male

. >> let me begin by waving his book, tom horrocks has written a book on lincoln's campaign biographers. tom is the director of the john hay library. john hay was one of lincoln's two secretaries. to

. >> so let me begin by waving his book, tom horrocks has written a book on lincoln's campaign biograph biographers. tom is the former director of the john hay library at brown university. john hay, of course, was one of lincoln's two secretaries. tom holds a ph.d. in history from the university of pennsylvania and is the author, editor of six books including "popular print and popular medicine, health advice in early american