but that under the press of catastrophic events in the 1940s, the united states reluctantly refers the long standing policy of political nonengagement, nonentanglement and adopted a function that's akin, but not identical to one actually used to playing among its own states, the role of an umpire, to compel acquiescence, between squabbling governments, in moments of crisis. at the time we did this, we were the only nation with a relevant experience and requisite capacity. so, why did i write this book? that is a long story. i won't bother you with the whole thing. but it goes back to when i was first interviewing to be a graduate student and i was interviewing for a scholarship. an important national scholarship. i was very excited and nervous about the process and there was a panel of experts interviewing me. i was going into the field of what is called diplomatic history at the time. i was asked, eager young thing i was, why do you want to enter a dying field? well, i didn't know it was dying until he told me that. i had to bunt quickly and say, well because we can't let it die, righ

he is being flown to the united states. he has been imprisoned there for five years after being sentenced to 15 years by the cuban government. gross claimed he was in cuba providing internet equipment to allow the jewish community to contact the world in ways that are hard to do in cuba. the cuban government claimed he was involved in activities counter to the cuban government that he was providing military equipment. he was arrested convicted and sentenced to 15 years. the five years in prison have been very tough. he has deteriorated in terms of his health. he is said to be in very poor health. he's lost a lot of weight. he's missing teeth. he is in quiet bad shape. there's been pressure from the u.s. government to release him and that has happened today on humanitarian grounds. recently, president obama said it was important to do this to help improve relations with cuba. former president bill clinton was here in miami saying the same thing last week saying the release of alan gross could lead to better relations with cu

so what george washington wanted as president of the united states was some territory for the united states to govern over and wanted a definition of the state boundaries and a clarity of the nation and the peoples' lands. what the president was trying to do was stop any possible encroachment by european nations, stop any overreach and harm to native people by the states and to enter into secured peace and friendship forever arrangements with the peoples. he was trying to secure the northern and southern, western borders of the united states. and these were buffalo, savannah. we're talking about really eastern western borders at that time. and that was the united states. so the nations had similar goals. they wanted peace and friendship with the united states as a matter of necessity as well as a matter of inclination. they wanted someone to be in charge of stopping the aggressiveness and the lawlessness of the people who were flooding into their lands from europe. and these were europeans and new americans, settlers of all kinds who were encroaching on the native lands. so they wante

they're back here in the united states.l listen in to hear what they say once they walk in there. this is their attorney's office. they've worked hard over these five years to get alan gross freed. he is a free man right now. let me bring in ana navarro who's joining us from miami. ana, the polls show that the older generation of cuban americans, especially in little havana in miami are fiercely opposed to this normalization of relations with the castro regime, the castro government in cuba. but younger cuban americans, those born here, maybe in their 30s and 40s, they're much more open to a normalization of relations. you live there in miami. what do you think? is that true that there's a generational split between older and younger cuban americans? >> i think there is a generational split, wolf. i think it's a natural thing because the older cuban americans felt the suffering in their own skin. that makes a difference. even though there is a generational split, i don't think it's anywhere near the numbers that some people

united states army! ♪ united states air force! ♪ united states marine corps!d states coast guard! ♪ united states navy! ♪ let's hear it for the united states navy ceremonial band, ladies and gentlemen! [applause] ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our ceremony for today. you are more than welcome to go visit the veterans who presented freedom mall. the we want to thank you for coming. god bless you and god bless america. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] tvjoin american history tonight for lectures in history from brandeis university. we go inside the classroom of tofessor jonathan sarna learn about henry ford's presentations on jews, .escribing anti-jewish articles that's tonight at 8:00 p.m. and midnight eastern time here on american history tv. >> each

the united states trying to reopen the embassy. we are learning about these discussions that have taken place over the last year, and a key player in this, the vatican and pope francis. allen has arrived just outside of washington. the white house very careful to point out that this is not any kind of intelligence assets swap. they continue to deny that alan gross was there as a u.s. intelligence agent. he was arrested some five years ago on charges of espionage, and he has languished. his health has deteriorated. and here we have the president arriving, david. >> let's listen. >> the most significant changes in our policy in more than 50 years. we will end an outdated approach that for decades has failed, and we will begin to normalize the relationship between our two countries. we'll begin a new chapter among the nations of the americas. there is a complicated history between the united states and cuba. i was born in 1961, just over two years after fidel castro took power. over the next several decades the relationships between o

kind of a united states version of democrats. now it is your time. >> thank you very much for your kind introduction. i guess my focus is on the evaluation of what is going on with the relationship between china, u.s., and south korea. how should we evaluate the collateral relationship between these three countries during the past year? the answer is it is mixed with positive and negative developments over time. in terms of the positive developments, one finds that the united states and south korea relationship is quite stable despite from more misgivings as it was pointed out. it has never been better. china/south korea's relationship can also compete in that sense in that it has never been better. our two leaders have very good personal relationships. and the recent signing of the fta is very significant in terms of our relationship. in terms of china-u.s. relationships, i think after suffering the repeated setbacks, the relationship appeared to be back on track again and back on the right track again with the key obama summit

>> yes, as is normally the case, there was a delegation, 27 officials from the united states headed byambassador keith harper and assistant secretary of state, including the acting legal advisor of the department of state. over two a q&a session days with the u.s. delegation and the committee, had the opportunity to put questions to the report from the united states. >> last month while the u.s. was preventing its record on human rights to the one committee in geneva, a group of youth activists from chicago rose to their feet with their hands in the air to stage a silent protest. they wore t-shirts bearing the name of dominique franklin, 23 euros who died in june after police tasered him during an arrest for stealing a bottle of vodka. a member of the group we charge genocide, malcolm london, said the response by u.s. officials at the hearing has been inadequate. quick every day in the state in the city of chicago, we charge genocide has a report online for anyone who wants to view it that documents every single day that police violate rights, abuse, sexual assault, murder, and kill ,

. >> today the united states of america is changing its relationship with the people of cuba. and the most significant changes in our policy in more than 50 years, we will in an outdated approach that for decades has failed to advance our interests and instead, we will begin to normalize relations between our two countries. >> president obama announces the united states will restore full diplomatic relations with cuba for the first time in more than half a century. part of the deal includes cuba's release of u.s. contractor alan gross, as well as a cuban spy. the u.s. released the final three members of the cuban five. cuban president raul castro also addressed the cuban people. >> this in no way means that the heart of the matter has been solved. the economic, commercial, and financial blockade, which causes enormous human and economic damages to our country, must cease. >> we will spend the hour in a roundtable discussion, we'll go to havana to speak with kornbluh, who wrote, "back channel to cuba: the hidden history of negotiations between washington and havana." gd we will

if the united states is faltering because it's basically a bankrupted country. the credit was gone by the fall of 1814. they might have made the leap in the spring. we won't know because peace comes along to interrupt all of this. >> since we're here in jefferson land, jefferson said that the conquest of canada is a mere manner of marching, and i was wondering if you got the sense that either in washington or actually on the ground on the american side of the border, that was sort of an active understanding of how this plays out. wave our flag and hand out an invitation, and there would be no real fighting in the war of 1812. >> well, there's a widespread belief that there will be some fighting, but it will be very easily one. it is in large part because they think, well, look, most people in upper canada are american, and they won't fight us. we'll deal with the british regularrers and roll over them easily, so jefferson's quotes say we can get to the gates of quebec in year one of the war, and then year two will be mopping up, capturing quebec and oust the bri

what i compare for instance the united states with europe. rope a number of states and in the united states there is a similarity. if you are not capable of having the right interconnections between the states it will be very difficult to balance the risk and see to it that you can help each other when it's needed and it's very difficult to sell those were nobles across the border of the state to sell were nobles from spain to france. it's not about taking over but it's about what the regulators can do and what the federal government can do. maybe it's time to have something in place to encourage this cooperation city can really balance not only within your state but in on a regional basis. what richard mentioned about the electricity market between canada and the united states and mexico is exactly the same. you can have imports and exports all the time. it is what europe is doing with the northern countries having a lot of hydropower exporting it to northern europe. sometimes there's a lot of wind power in the northern countries. these kinds

we will first target and dissolve mainland united states, hawaii and guam and united states military based in south korea. that same month they released this rather amazing propaganda video showing how they'd use north korean missiles to blow up the white house and the u.s. capitol and you get the point. so they already tell their own people that the united states is waging a war on them. that's how they justify to their own people why they have to be so freaking crazy and repressive because only kim jong be can keep them safe from the invading terrible americans. whatever response they are trying to provoke from the united states government right now should not help them make that case. they really do want war or at least something that looks like war with us. they want to seem important enough that we'd have a war with them. and so the white house today went to great pains to say that what they are considering, what the president is having all these meetings about on a daily basis is what would be the appropriate proportional response to what north korea seems to be doing. >> we ne

historically the united states government would not be -- and then that person migrated to the united states. historically the united states government would not represent that person diplomatically. the question -- the second question relates to whether -- the broader question that robert has addressed and that is the premise, as i understand it of our discussion about helmsburton, is that the president has authority to modify the regulations and presumably that would implicate and incremental adjustment and not a comprehensive adjustmented, that that would raise much more difficult questions under helmsburton. i'm not prepared to address that broader question today but maybe robert is. >> in the handout, i talk about trade. under current regulations, all imports from cuba are prohibited. it's a specific section. but the president can amend that and has in areas like allowing cuban medical products to come into the u.s. the problem is -- you could do it wholesale, you could do it incrementally in the case of non-state producers in cuba or you could do it wholesale. but, you run into

and god bless the united states of america. >> that statement is history, the united states changing its policy with cuba, that from president obama who says this new policy that he's announcing will create more opportunities for americans and especially for the cuban people. the president also confirming he talked with raul castro yesterday, that would be a first, and saying an american held for two decades in cuba is back home, no name given, but he worked i in inch in intelligence and was weld there for the past years. and that and alan gross. republican senator marco rubio asking earlier today on the fox news channel what is cuba changing about its system of government for its people? i want to get back to doug live at the white house again with us. did anyone see this shift in policy changing, dog? dog? >> changing, doug? >> you could kind of see this coming. it was really difficult to read the tea leaves. the u.s. senator from arizona jeff flake was on the airplane with gross when it landed at andrews air force base this afternoon suggested he was certainly well aware of it and

god bless you, and god blessed united states of america. -- bless the united states of america.ptioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2014] >> president obama from about an hour ago announcing a major change in the u.s. towards cuba. it may really be getting negotiations velti normal relations with that country over -- after over 50 years and after five years of imprisonment of alan gross, a subcontractor for the state department for you as agency of international development that has been held by cuba for five years released today in a cake -- in a trade to free cuban prisoners here in the u.s. accompanied by the senators way he and congressman chris van hollen. we are getting your reaction on whether you support or oppose normalizing regulations with cuba. -- and we will get to your calls momentarily. you can also reach us on facebook and on twitter. you know our plan, we are expecting a news briefing, comments from alan gross come o

how much of the oil came from the united states? >> mr. craig? >> well, actually oil played a very important role in daniels' life. mexico at the time was an important oil producer, and as the ships were being converted from coal to fuel oil, daniels was responsible for overseeing the invasion of mexico. now, it turns out that invasion was not related directly to oil production, but it was related to the germans running guns into the mexican government is ultimately in addition to the u-boats, it was germany's proposed alliance with mexico that led to u.s. entry in the war in 1917. in terms of what would have happened if the -- in europe if the united states had stayed out of the war, that's hard to say. certainly the british were trying to starve the germans with the continental blockade and the germans were trying to starve the british with their u-boat war. daniels had -- i found in his private diaries a quote where he was talking about the balance between the british blockade and the german u-boat campaign. he said, the stomach is the test, b

how the united states is shaped the way it is. you don't know any of these things without understanding the history of treaties. and you don't understand a lot of the place names. a lot of the names of states that we have. dakota is named of a native nation. oklahoma is red person. blood person. relative person. in one of the muskogee languages. so, there are lots and lots of things to know about the united states that, if you don't know what's called indian history or indian treaties, you don't know american history. >>> you can watch this and other american artifacts programs anytime by visiting our website at c-span.org/history. >>> you've been watching c-span's american history tv. you can connect with us on twitter, facebook, and leave comments and check out upcoming programs on our website. >>> we'd like to tell you about some of our other american history tv programs. every saturday at 4:00 p.m. eastern, a look at american history bookshelf. that's every saturday at 4:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv on c-span 3. >>>

them . >> i don't know, but they have not been sent home to the native countries, but it's the united states who don't want to return them because of fear of torture. >> i think recidivism is one fear, but the fear he was just discussing is our obligations under the conventions against torture that the state department special envoy is working hard to relocate the detainees cleared for transfer have to deal with, which is we are not by law allowed to transfer detainees to countries where we fear that their safety could be compromised by their own government or by actors in that country, and that's prevented the transfer of some number of detainees. then there is the issue of a large number of yemeni detainees that have not been transferred as well. >> if i spent eight years in guantanamo, i could imagine my whole government not thinking very much of me once i get home. i'm either a hero or a guy with a target on my back. >> that might be so, but it does not compromise a person's right to go home. if did he nothing he should go home, and if he has been clear--let me say, while it's a red herr

and what they had in mind, they didn't plan to take the united states again. this was not another revolution. what they planned was they wanted a new northern border for the united states. and not the 45th parallel, but the 43rd. they wanted the northern border of massachusetts to be the border of the northern united states. and if you take that line and you run it across the country. you take that parallel, you end up in buffalo. that means the united states would've lost maine, vermont, new hampshire, and all of northern new york. that way the british would've had control of the southern shore of the great lakes. and that's what they were after. but plattsburg put a stop to that. the british army is not in the united states. the british army is back in canada. and so when the treaty was signed on christmas eve 1814, the status quo is what we see today. >> we're 5 miles north of plattsburg, new york. looking up the road at the american/canadian border. it was here this whole battle of plattsburg began. let me give you a little bit of background first. when th

we have an incredible ideological separation in the united states of america. are we going to continue to be a constitutional republic or are we going to become a welfare many state? that is the separation we are on right now and if we end up having more people on the side of welfare nanny state, a democracy cannot exist as a form of government, it can only exist until the time the electorate realize they can vote their own largess from the public treasury. at that moment on voters will always vote for the person who promises them the most benefits the result being the collapse of democracy over loose fiscal policy followed by a dictatorship. 1830, democracy in america. that is where we are. this is the great nation and we always found a way. bouquet, last question. oh. >> you got a little ahead of me. i was about to ask about the keystone pipeline. it got the night in the senate by one vote, 59-41. you already talked about that. what is your stance on simplified the tax code? >> you have aggressive tax code system and when people start talking about raising tax

throughout the 19th century, the united states was largely controlled by what historian david jahat has called a moral establishment. people could be cited for blasphemy even if the state had no blasphemy laws. the moral codes of protestantism were somewhat non-litigious lee accepted as common-law. even though there were protections against establishing any religion as the law of the land, david argues that the protestant majority could it affect will through the courts and culture. the first instances of religious pluralism take place in the first decades of the 20th century, when large waves of european immigration take a distinctly european catholic and jewish cast. it created scads of urban pl ight. protestants fashioned a movement called the social gospel to meet the needs of the people of the time. they found that on the mean urban streets, catholic and jewish groups were doing much of the same work through so they decided it made sense to work together. the first instances of working together take place in the fields of civic welfare, filling sandbags during floods and feeding th

a suspicion arose in the united states that some foreign countries were using exports to the united statesa means of promoting the domestic growth of their own economies. they were flooding us with their goods while keeping ours out. if this suspicion were based on the existence of very high tariffs abroad, it would be fairly easy to evaluate. unfortunately, most of the obstacles that countries place in the way of foreign imports are more subtle than that, what economists call "non-tariff barriers" to trade. government subsidies, as in the case of steel, are sometimes overt, sometimes hidden and complex. complicated licensing and import procedures, special regulations concerning the standards, specifications, and testing that imported products have to meet. the magnitude of such barriers is very difficult to assess. what can be said with some confidence is that countries who are running huge trade surpluses with the united states, like japan, should take quite seriously the effort to open their economies to american goods as much as they can. for the alternative is very likely to be increa

we have believed in the idea of the united states before it was the fathers who founded the united states looked for a governing structure that truthssupport the t that they thought were self evident, they looked to the air quite nation. without indian nations living together in harmony, even when we disagree, the promise of america might not have come together. we come back here year after year, sometimes for me it's week after week, because even when all of the pundits and maybe all the evidence say that the president cannot do anything and the congress won't do anything, we still believe in the constitution that says treaties are the supreme law of the land. sometimes i think indians believe in our constitution more than anybody else. in a way, by continuing to believe that what the constitution says is true and acting to show that the words in our treaties matter, by calling this great nation to keep its word, we refute all the skeptics. we answer the question i posed at the beginning -- is the united states a great nation? is that while our history in this nation might be brutally pa

is he already in the united states? >> he took another plane outside cuba into the united states. are understanding, he is in the united states and will be staying here. u.s. official said to me that this information that he provided the u.s. government was critical in terms of wrapping up intelligence networks on the u.s. military bases, on information about cuban exiles here in the united states. officials today calling him a hero. >> but they haven't released his name yet? >> they're not going to release his name for security purposes. >> can i just say what we're seeing play out here already on the political side. we've just learned that house speaker john boehner is against this normalizing of relations. we says the united states has given what he calls mindless concessions. you add to that what we heard marco rubio say, jeb bush has also said we shouldn't be negotiating with an oppressive regime. marco rubio saying we have conceded to the oppressors. generally what this plays into is the story line of republicans heading into 2016, of course, that this is a president who dis

above all from the united states. and so, for a movie done by american actors that makes fun of a figure that they rooeevere a god and end with his assassination is a really, really big deal. and don't forget, people impersonating tv crews to assassinate political figures isn't a fantasy. remember amadashu, the leader killed by two al qaeda terrorists masquerading as a moe rack can tv crew before 9/11. it's happened. so the north koreans have some grounds to be upset. does it justify what they've done? obviously not. but from their point of view, this is more than just making fun of a leader. they don't have a sense of humor about this. >> so, mark, this goes back to the question of clearly now the united states is taking this seriously. as it should. i mean, they shouldn't accept or tolerate this. but yet, by taking it seriously and not allowing it to affect anyone, if that's the path that the u.s. takes, are they legitimizing the north korean regime that they so crave? >> what happens now this is no longer a battle

there are a number of member states that are close allies with united states. and i think that this argument has expressed itself several times. therefore i am actually shocked to hear and places third by the bylian -- the commonplaces the italian presidency. italy is the one country that has actually prosecuted cia agents. they have convicted cia agents . will italy insist on extradition by the united states to bring those people to trial like everybody else who was responsible for torture ought to be put to trial? no, mr. obama, we cannot draw a line under this until those responsible have been brought to justice. that is why we democracy and the others are not. -- we are a democracy and the others are not. another question that i have here is a statement in the press from the head of the intelligence center, which is a kind of vague, unclear, kind of embryonic european union secret service. he said there is no way of knowing whether intelligence was obtained through torture. excuse me? so this is an e.u. body, paid for by eu money, processing information tha

the last vote at the united nations on this question of an embargo of the united states, the united ates was on the short end of that by a count of 192-2. so the president saying that you do something for five decades, it is clearly not working it's time to change strategy. what a dramatic event for the president, to be on the phone for 45 minutes last night with raul castro, the first and really only communication we know about in some five decades. >> indeed. jamie if memory serves me directly, president obama had an impromptu handshake with raul castro at nelson mandela's funeral this year. but this is taking a lot of people by surprise. >> and one of the things that people are debating is what did the united states actually get out of this deal? that was part of the criticism from marco rubio, and one benefit the u.s. right reap from this, is support from many of the countries in this hemisphere as mike viqueira pointed out, the u.s. was pretty much alone in the world in supporting this embargo. and it was a problem for other countries in central and south america, because whenev

and as the united states and the european union, we can raise these issues with the united states onveral occasions. including in lessons by the presidency of the council and regular dialogue on counterterrorism and on human rights. the select committee study is a positive step in confronting publicly and critically the way in which the cia's responsibilities were discharged in relations to the allegations of torture and ill-treatment. the commission believes that full clarity should be brought to bear on those practices in accordance with international standards, including as regards the individual responsibilities for those practices. the eu condemns all forms of torture and ill-treatment under any circumstances, and works towards the prevention and the eradication of all forms of torture and ill-treatment within the european union and worldwide, as a priority of its human rights policy. as the commission has repeatedly underlined, efforts to combat terrorism should be conducted in a manner that complies with the root of law -- rule of law and respect our common values and complies

now he's here in the united states. >> this is a foreign asset now in the united states.and the price the u.s. paid, though, was it worth it? >> i'm just saying, wolf, in reality, when you go into these negotiations, get something that makes the negotiation worth it. at the end of the day, what would have been worth it is to get cuba to open its system so that workers are paid directly. >> so mr. chairman, if that happens, if there's an easing of the oppression. remember, result castro, fidel castro, they're well into their 80s right now. we don't know what the new leadership is going to do. but if in fact this step by president obama eases the repression, improves the relationship between cubans and americans, it will have been worth it? >> if we get this other step that i've just suggested where the workers are empowered to get their paychecks directly. and the money doesn't go into the account which is spent to subvert governments. i'm just back from latin and central america. i've seen the damage cuba has done by funding revolution in south kor central america. >> let

in 1961 the united states severed diplomatic relations. challenges the commission of wisdom and perpetual animosity between the two countries. it is called back channel to cuba, the hidden history between washington and havana. it reveal a 50 year record of dialogue and negotiations both open and furtive between those sworn enemies. joining me are the book's authors peter kombluh and william leogrande. peter is of the archive and william leogrande isku at the american university. i'm pleased to have both of them here. let me just talk about the beginning. what were the lost opportunities? why have we not had better relationship with cuba after all these years? >> we've missed a couple opportunities. there was an opportunity at the very beginning for the united states to coexist with fidel castro's revolution. we had an ambassador in havana who worked very hard to try in 1959 and 1960 to see if he could find common ground for coexistence. that didn't work. relations were broken in 1961. after the missile crises, there was an opportunity bec

he also said it sets a bad precedent for the united states in dealing with other nations, such as iran or north korea, what's included as teeth in this agreement for the cuban government don't really amount to teeth at all. he argues that the united nations is not an agency that's going to be able to hold them accountable appropriately. so i think you're going to see this as the day develops, you'll see more of the critiques. i think this is also something that you're going to see come up again and again as we approach the 2016 presidential election because of that critical constituency in florida and also because of secretary of state hillary clinton, former secretary of state hillary clinton. >> this is a very significant diplomatic moment, personal moment, and also political one. casey hunt from capitol hill, thanks for that update, casey. >> thanks, ronan. >>> raul castro spoke just this morning about this agreement to release alan gross. he said he welcomes this new relationship between the u.s. and cuba, and he talked about his phone call with president obama. >> as a result of a

>> guest: the united states has about 700 bases around the world at least reported by the pentagon. and there is in the last ten to 20 years we've seen more and work protests in opposition to u.s. military presence abroad and so i'm looking at two questions. one is with all of this activism when do they make a difference and actually affect the policy and the second question is about the host governments. on the one hand they face pressure from civil society as a domestic level but they also face pressure from the united states to maintain the obligations so i want to know how the balance between the two forces domestic and international. >> host: when you look at these bases around the world that the u.s. has, how many of them are welcomed? >> guest: the majority of them are welcomed, so you are you're looking at if there are 700 bases there are probably more. it's just the secret bases. it's hard to say whether they are welcomed but the host government accepts them. but i say at least 75% are not contested. the majority are in place like germany or mainland japan. but the few that

the united states is complicated, so on, so forth. pakistan is very hard, and i think it is making some success. on previous occasions whenever some space was given to the military by quarreling politicians, this time i think the military is staying out of it, and letting the system develop and hopefully flourish over time, which is what makes pakistan very interesting place in the muslim world. if you look around you'll see this is the only country making progress of its kind. therefore, it should provide with support. now coming to the united states pakistanis are very cautious of the fact that they have done well in terms of economic and social development . it's funded extremely well why? because u.s. and pakistani interests strategic interests came together. i know that the decision makers in pakistan are very keen to re-establish that kind of relationship once again. with one difference, though, which an understanding that there are so many players you need a game to figure out what is the best solution when it comes to pakistan

i think the united states is responding to this. i was in cuba a year ago, and the level of discontent and the level of people speaking about even beheading generals was very, very open. i think that we are living and looking at this precarious situation, hopefully what this will do is that it will at least put the ball in the cuban government's court, and i think the president said they're not letting up in terms of saying that it's important to respect human rights, to open up the economy, and to allow families to work with each other. >> ambassador, apart from the optics and rewarding or not rewarding the regime do political makers worry about rafters coming on to the florida shore and there are thousands-- >> absolutely. there are a lot of considerations that people discuss when discussing changes and "n" policy. i think there will be a movement of people if the doors are hope. however, i think with a possible change--with the change in policy more information getting to the island, people hopefully, and maybe this is me being o

we're the united states. we're not some small country halfway around the world we're the most powerful country on the planet, we're their closest neighbor. their number one priority of the cuban government is to affect u.s. foreign policy towards cuba and you see this consistently reflected in the people they try to influence in academia and the editorials that have now been a steady stream of editorials in the "new york times" and the folks that are walking around the cabal here and the members and colleagues of mine that are constantly being reached out to by the regime. -to-try to get them on their side for these changes there's a reason for that. they know if they can open up u.s. markets they will have american companies investment in the status quo in cuba. and what you're going to have now is american companies doing business in cuba advocating here for us not to do anything to disrupt the status quo because it's good for their bottom line. and i know that to be true because last week we passed a bill

it's the least productive congress in the history of the united states of america. york state, home of the marcellus shale, banned fracking as a state. the russian economy basically slid into a collapse. sony pictures as we were just discussing pulled its new comedy about north korea after anonymous hackers threatened to blow up movie theaters that were showing it. three more people were indicted with poisoning the water supply with a chemical leak in west virginia this year and vermont gave up on extending a single-payer health care system. and that pea party that voted to redact high school biology textbooks, they decided they're not going to react high school biology textbooks any more. and president obama announced 20 presidential pardons or commutations of people's sentences. most are low level drug crimes plus one moonshiner. then also the president announced that we're normalizing relations with cuba for the first time in 53 years. that's the last 24 hours. today's the day when we scheduled a few evergreen interviews and segments that really could run any tim

lost,en the united states whether twitter 46 -- 246 marines in lebanon, you would've the united states would never allow that to happen. havere somehow or another hit the bad guys hard. and the cia came to world reagan and said, we know exactly who these people are and we know their hotel rooms. give us the order, mr. president , we could take that route if we have to. room if we have to. she would not allow it to happen. he was concerned, maybe excessively so with the possibilities of a war like vietnam. and he used phrases like that all of the time. suck us in. he would not have it. >> margaret, exactly a year ago today i was in hanoi and was stunned by the transformation .hat has taken place the regime is still the regime, one party system, repressive anyways. the country has opened up economically and in many ways, you think we had one of the war. there are starbucks, kentucky fried chicken, you see no animosity to american visitors. you see american flags in many places. i wonder have you been back to vietnam? >> no, i have not. my brother has gone they very often. most time he go

united states. she is known throughout this country as a retired brigadier general. femalest figure general -- brigadiercan general female african-american in the united states. in theeer is documented numerous awards she has received, from the military, from the association of cancer centers, so it is a privilege to have her also as a member of the scientific committee of the national patient advocate foundation to address you. john harrington is recently retired. he distinguished himself by the late great teams and producing outstanding results. he retired as a senior vice president and chief commercial officer for global oncology. he built a commercial team in cambridge, massachusetts and all of the regions with commercial oncology. ruby is to this role, he led the u.s. oncology business unit. since his retirement, -- previous to this role, he led the u.s. oncology business unit. board,ed on the advisory the concord care -- conquer cancer foundation. have, and saying we that is the patient never

if the soviets were building nuclear weapons, more importantly, missiles to launch them at the united statesthey were flying a spy plane over the soviet union called a u-2. >> i'm bill fox. united press editor in new york. a single engine u.s. air force plane with one man aboard went missing today not far from the soviet border in the rugged mountains in southeastern turkey. >> to a stunned and startled audience, khrushchev announced that an american u-2 spy plane had been shot down in the soviet union. >> he made the records a public exhibition. to the soviet union, this wreckage was a national cause. national outrage over the violation of soviet boundaries. >> and so, out comes the cover story. >> the department has been informed by the nasa. a u-2 weather research plane piloted by a civilian has been missing since may 1. >> eisenhower had said, no, that didn't happen, et cetera, et cetera. he had been drawn into a trap. by khrushchev. >> the soviet leader was able to show not only that they shot down the plane but they had the pilot. >> francis gary powers, an ordinary man, caught up in e

politicians such as richard nixon during the campaign the ability to tell voters, he said the united states has the power and mr. castro knows this to throw him out of office. and that has also given a cabinet members like secretary of state alexander haig the ability to ask president reagan for a simple green light. what he said according to nancy reagan is you just give me the word and i will turn that bleeping island into a parking lot. whatwould seem puzzling, would seem puzzling to a visitor from visitor from another planet is why when the cubans refused to behave the way we want them to the castro government was not thrown out of office. cuba was an turned into a parking lot, how they managed to get away with it. we could squish them easily. how have we managed to get away with it? first of all, it is costly especially in the currency that might matter the most in the end which is global opinion. so unless there is a crisis like the cuban missile crisis of 1962 which i would be happy to talk about later if you like, unless there is a crisis, why bother. we have so many other important

sherman's questions but as the united states moves forward it stems me that the state department needs be promoting leadership from within that has particular focus on this region since that's what we're dealing with. and i mean that without, with no disrespect because sometimes somebody can function very well without any expertise in a particular subject matter because their organizational skills, presumably, that's true about you. but i do think, mr. sherman has a point that longer term the united states has got to get serious about this region and expertise in this region if we're going to address the challenges we face. let me ask a question. in looking at your seven point here's what we're doing i didn't see a mention of strengthening our relationship with the kurdish community which seems to be one of the military allies we got in the region and has a military capacity but needs be reinforced. why not? why didn't you talk about that. >> if you will permit me, mr. connolly, i do want to say a word or two -- >> i have to ask you to move closer to the mic. it's very hard to hear you

day here in the united states.ny times to the library to see our exhibition. this concludes our program. i would please ask that you remain in place while the special delegation exits the hall. thank you very much. [applause] [drum roll] ♪ [applause] >> you are watching american history tv, 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow was on twitter at c-span history for information on our schedule, upcoming programs, and to keep up with the latest history news. the c-span cities to her takes book tv and american history tv on the road, traveling to u.s. cities to learn about their history and the very life. this weekend we partnered with time warner cable for a visit to waco, texas. >> as we began to receive the files to be digitized and saved, we began turning over that be sides of the 45s. gospel music was not widely heard in the white community. if it was, it would only be the hits, if that. the b side would be heard and even less. bewas incredible how many sides were related to

thanks to the united states versus michigan and multiple treaty negotiations with the feds and the state, indian people in michigan continue to hunt, fish, gather, and farm on those federal public lands, hundreds and thousands of acres, and this is all because of the people who went to washington, d.c. despite the fact that they didn't get entirely what they wanted, treaty rights are very meaningful to the people in michigan to this day. i am going to jump ahead quite considerably to the future, but i wanted to mention one incident in the 1870's and a small township where grand traverse band is. if you want to wonder what treaty rights meant between the time they were negotiated and likeime indian people, billy frank and hank adams, started exercising treaty there, they were always and indian people had always been negotiating those rights. in the 1870's or 1880's, in bingham township, indians went to vote in a state election. in 1850, michigan said, sure, we will let indians be citizens so long as they are civilized. nobody really knew what that meant. indians went to the voting booths