we see fred astair's grave, he was with the american 93rd. african-american division. they are on the bottom to the right with a french helmet on it. we have the symbol of the 92nd battalion soldiers along them. >> i notice over here at the bottom there's the 27th division in the middle, they have the star of orion. they were engaged in another direction, right? they were part of an offensive that was going on at the same time as the meuse-argonne attacking the canal. >> yes, exactly. the meuse-argonne is what we know of the american part of the big offensive, but it's a common offensive from all the allied troops. i think this is the key point. for the first time in the war we have a combined attack from the british, french and americans altogether. meuse-argonne for most americans, but some americans were fighting under british and french commons. that's the case for the 27th. the battle started on the same day for everybody. 26th of september for the americans here. september 26th for the french 4th army, and september 27th for the british around the town. >> why do

with native americans. and we do this through a prism of the national paradox. the paradox is familiar to american indians, that itconstitute a one to 2% of the u.s. population, yet everywhere you look you see imagery of american indians. it's also found on state and is found in u.s. military insignia. it is found in motels and front store sign image, architectural elements, buildings and bridges. it's everywhere you look in american life. whether it was people that came over on the mayflower or indeed a recent immigrant, one recognizes this imagery as part in parcel of american life. we wanted to begin our exhibit by exploring the phenomenon that is familiar, but striking. it is a phenomenon that is unique to the united states. there is no other country in the world that is so fixated with one segment of its population, that it is constantly creating images of those people. in the united states, this started before the country was even founded. it started with the countries most ardent patriots. there is s

one american soldier chose one coffin among the four to become the new a non american american non soldier. one was sent back to the usa buried in arlington. the three others that were there at that ceremony are these three soldiers buried now here at the meuse-argonne. the closest cemetery was then the meuse-argonne and it is the main american cemetery for the first world war, now buried here. you can watch this and many other programs about world war one at c-span.org. type world war i and the search box and browse through hundreds of results. >> tonight on american history tv, beginning at eight eastern, the c-span city store explores the american story with a look at the great depression era. hear stories and visit places around the nation related to this historic economic downturn. that is followed by cities tore stops featuring the history of north carolina, amarillo texas, san antonio texas and brian college station texas. watch american history tv now and over the weekend on c-span 3. up next a recent online conference for history education. the session features adam on domestic un

they are like african-americans. they are like italian-americans. they are a group that was once thought of not quite white that is now thought of as very much white which would lead in a different direction that would help explain the folks that jerry studies. is that a fruitful comparison? >> i missed one word you said. he said absolutely -- >> they absolutely are the new italian-americans. is that a fruful way of thinking about latinos politically? >> i'll try to answer that. >> i'm genuinely interested in where you would come out on this. >> one of the great things about latino studies and latino history in defining the constituency we can drop from a will the of other disciplines. i think he should have given you a source for that statement. i would make comparison with african-americans because that follows the trend of actual political science that focuses on latinos. in african-american politics it's linked fate that says african-americans see their life chances as deeply integral and connected to other people in their race. there's politica

we see someone part of the american 93rd, african-american division. they are on the bottom to the right with a french helmet on it. up, the two badges symbol of the 92nd battalion soldiers along them. >> and then i noticed over here there is, at the very bottom, the 27th division in the middle. the have the star of orion. they were engaged in another direction. they were part of an offensive going on at the same time as the meuse-argonne, attacking the canal. >> exactly. the meuse-argonne is what we thought of as america's big offensive. but it is a common offensive for all of the allied troops. this is a key point. for the first time in a war, we have a combined attack of the british, the french, and the americans altogether. some american divisions were fighting under french or british command, and that was the case for the 27th, for example. and the battle started on the same day almost for everybody. september 26 for the americans here, september 26 for the army, andrth september 27 for the british around the compound. >> why don't we take a walk

americans relationship with native americans. and we do this through a prism of the national paradox. that's the reduction is one that is very familiar to americans whether they are native or not. the paradox is american indians constitute 1% to 2% of the u.s. population, yet everywhere you look, you see imagery of american indians. this imagery is found not only in advertising, product design and corporate logos. it is also found on state and county seals. it is found in u.s. military insignia. it is found in motel and storefront signage on , architectural elements, of buildings and bridges. it is found in people's tattoos. it's everywhere you look in american life. and whether one is native american or descends from people who came over on the mayflower or is a first generation american or indeed a recent immigrant, one recognizes this imagery as part and parcel of american life. and so we wanted to begin our exhibit by exploring the is phenomenon that is familiar, yet very striking. here is what is key about it. it is a phenom

native americans, african-americans. so until you stop segregation, you have no business telling us about being violent or how to control our minorities. and in order to ensure having lost his ambassadorship, that he left woodrow wilson on the brink of a complete conniption, dublinski was photographed in black churches in d.c., praying and singing with african-americans, and talking about how their plight and their suffering really helped him understand who americans truly were, despite their browbeating all over the world, as purported neutrals, who were also morally superior. so what we see in the case of the united states is that the question of race will already be part of this diplomatic tug-of-war, the germans will do the same, right? it will return. so in the united states, what we get from the very beginning of the war are a lot of the same kinds of concerns that had been weighing heavily on european empires that we've been talking about, right? so what were some of those concerns? that there would be -- that the

native american, asian american as well as latinos, specifically meaning mexican americans and puerto rican. i will plug my works since you mentioned them earlier. my current dissertation is about the institutional history of the dnc and unlike the representation of african americans, in the national deck met crowded party, it is not until the 1970s where you even have conversations within the organization to think about hiring some sort of latino outreach representative it is shocking to think that it was not until the late 1970's where you have conversations about national democratic outreach to latinos. i think if we look at these kinds of national institutions, there is a serious lack in the scholarship and the basic facts of presidential elections and latinos. before then, of course, this will be my segueway into the next question, the engagement between the dnc is very touch and in other places like chicago and you have independent lead and because somewhat quasi-formal relationships with the national party fund-raising for jfk. there is some work and i think that influences my

americans. especially in the first half of the war. the thing that i want you to understand the most, this is very vital. it is a very different understanding of neutrality than we have today. neutrality at the beginning of the war did not mean inactivity. it did not mean passivity. it most certainly it did not mean impartiality. if it does not mean those things, what on earth does neutrality mean? the definition of neutrality differs with each country. some, like belgium will say that they never gave up their neutrality. they were invaded. but they always remained officially neutral. they were agreed as a neutral country. others like switzerland will say i am neutral and to prove it, dylan, i will hold your wallet and kia i will hold your wallet. that proves i am neutral. in the united states, neutrality will mean that they will do business with you and have a willingness to do business with both germans and central powers and the allies is proof of the neutrality. a lot of people are surprised

. >> in the american revolution. double victory, why was world war i important, the essence of double victory is when african-americans fought for this nation, their nation, throughout history, they were not only fighting to help their nation win, they were fighting to achieve democracy and equality for themselves and their families. and so that is what double victory really means. so when you go back to the american revolution, estimated number of 6,000 african-americans fight for the u.s. forces. but an estimated 20,000 fight for the british. and when you take that theme forward, up to the beginning of the american civil war, african-americans were always fighting for that side, which offered them the best chance at freedom. so that's what double victory is. when you bring that forward to world war i, you know, setting the stage, african-americans had always been there, the reason why world war i, to me, was so important and is a bridge is because african-americans fought when president wilson said we must fight to

, it happened on native american terms. in order to ensure a good trade, in order to ensure peace, they had to get together and conduct diplomacy, and the language and metaphors were european. europeans had to learn to conduct business on their turf, right? to do it by their method into franklin, when he publishes the treaty of lancaster he does send like 200 copies off. he thinks they might sell there. historians when they talk about diplomacy in the colonial era, it is these negotiations between a middle ground between european power and native american power and interests. he was writing about the great lakes frontier, the french were developing their fur trade in places like illinois and michigan. and there was a middle ground where neither the french nor the native americans had the upper hand in terms of military power and strength. each side wants something from the other, the fur trade, right? each side had to learn to negotiate somehow with the others. and they were culturally different. white said it was not only

military experience, it is about african-american life and how african-americans use world war i as a foundation to plant the seeds for what became the civil rights movement after the world war ii generation came back from fighting overseas as well. and so we thought about this exhibition really as early as 2014 and '15 when i was talking to my then boss at the smithsonian that we should do something for world war i. and then a couple of years later he, rex alice and then founding director ronnie bunch who is the secretary of the smithsonian, went to france and they came back and planted the seed that we'll do a world war i exhibition and being the guest curator and the subject matter expert for military history i got the nod to be able to do this exhibition. and so the exhibition speaks to not just what happened in the war, but happened after the war. >> well let's talk about the military history first. when the united states finally joined world war i, what role did the military planners see african-american soldiers playing and how much was that shaped by the service of african-a

there was an american policy that african-american soldiers would not -- that american soldiers would not fight under the french. there was a social juxtaposition from a lot of the white officers on his staff serving in his unit that did not want african-american soldiers to fight alongside white soldiers. when you say john j pershing gave this division to the french, he does bear responsibility, because he was in command. he has the ultimate responsibility. but he was being tugged from the top, the side, the bottom. and the french were clamoring that you are going to put men on the battlefield. we are very clear the way we choose our words in the gallery upstairs and in this gallery. we say john j pershing made the ultimate decision. but there was an entire book about why he made that decision. to get back to john's question, there were a host of african-american who wrote about their experience in world war i, but the books never got published. i read most of those over the years, being an african-american military historian. i began to combine those in 1996. that is where the infor

, the minds of latino-americans. so we explain away the continued demand for fairer civil rights by women -- pick a kwiconstitue and we got it. we explain it away as the work of our enemies. i forget which historian said if you had a cold it was the work of the germans. if the there was a problem, a flood in your farm, a german must have done it. the german becomes the boogie man for all things bad in this period. that's before we get the story of the lewis tape ya, the explosion at black tom in new jersey. new jersey, new york they're so close to each on other at that point. actually, they're so close, it might have been new york but new jersey felt it at the same time. this is a period of high parano paranoia, where do we see that already? in europe, just before june of 1914 and the decision to shoot the arch duke. so conditions are not, in fact, that different in the united states. but some of the things that keep us from being swept up are not necessarily, i want you to remember, a deep commitment to isolation be

i wonder what we thinks about the mexican american and latino in the american wars. more than 500 mexican americans were in the war. >> thanks for the question, jesus. you know, as with the other ethnic contributions that we've talked about earlier, native americans, blacks, and others, the hispanic contribution, take the texas national guard. the 36th infantry division, as they became after they were federalized. or the 45th division, which had been the oklahoma and new mexico national guard. you go down the roster of names of the soldiers in those units and you see lots of hernandez and gonzalezes. there are many hispanic names, mexican and otherwise. their contribution is significant. and their role in making those units into fine fighting units. the 36th and the 45 tth both fought in italy, in some of the worst fighting in italy. so, you know, hispanic americans have every reason to be proud of their role and their contribution to that 16.1 million men and women force that made the united states military in world war ii. >> there's a photograph at the b bbc at th

i wonder what he thinks about mexican americans in american wars. more than 500 mexican americans were in the war. >> thank you for the question. as with the other ethnic contributions that we talked about earlier, native americans, blacks, and others, the hispanic contribution, take the texas national guard after it was federalized or the 45th division which had been the oklahoma and new mexico national guard. you have the roster of the names of the soldiers of those units and you see lots of hernandez's and gonzales's. there are many hispanic names and their contribution is significant. their role in making those units into fine fighting units. -- 36th and 45th both fought in italy. the hispanic americans have every reason to be proud of their role and their contribution to that 16.1 million men and women force that made the united states military in world war ii. >> there was a photograph in the bbc today, queen elizabeth to lead the 75th anniversary event speaking to the nation on television there as an army driver, what was the role of the roya

the americans. when i say the americans, i mean all of the patriot army, the idea that colonials could ever fight. who served inge, america his whole career, would basically say of new englanders, they will be bold in council, but they don't show any stomach in battle. they really do not know how to fight and they are not going to be able to stick this out. they extend that for too long, thinking about the americans in that way. they have no respect at all for their ability as soldiers. part of this -- there is good reason for that because the european army has to train infantry for two to five years before they can be expected to stand in a line, taking fire and winning a set piece battle. colonials have never been able to do that. they don't have bayonets on their rifles. they might snipe at officers from trees, but that is no way to win a battle. the british have good reason to think they have the advantage, but what they did not bargain for was the fact that the americans had tremendous leadersh

americans and american indians share a deeply in tangled history. this shaped united states of america, and had a profound and lasting impact on american national consciousness and popular culture. we are standing in the central gallery, which we call indians everywhere you this large gallery is covered floor to ceiling with images. this imagery is pervasive in americans lives. most american people are not conscious that anywhere you look you will find imagery of american indians. we are arguing that this imagery exists as evidence of the deeply entangled history that americans and american indians share. in exploring the history that lies behind this imagery, we explored three events in us history, the story of pocahontas, the trail of tears, and the battle of little bighorn. today we are going to explore the battle of the little bighorn. the 1876 battle was fought between u.s. cavalry and an alliance of tribes. it resulted in the death of general george armstrong custer, who was a civil war hero, and in the death of almost 300 cavalry men. this wa

american and an other american allies and to save japanese lives also.franklin roosevelt lived beyond well into 12 1945 i have no doubts he would've made the same decisions that harry truman did which go ahead and use this terrible thing in hopes that bringing the war a total war to a complete and final and which happens of course with the japanese on tokyo bay and uss missouri on september 2nd 1935. >> we touched on those briefly at the beginning of the program. bob from missouri asked this. who were the germans signing for the german country? i guess he is really freeing to the v-e day, he allied signing, not the russian signing. >> it was generally -- the operation chief for the german military, he had been designated to be given the authority by the residual german government. yodel had an appointment after that signing. he was executed for war crimes subsequently after -- >> you probably get this asked this question a lot. your liberation church religious about the war -- you are working now on another trilogy about revolution with your first book c

americans in u.s. political history. day talk was part of a two perdue university conference called "remaking american political history." jaime:

american indians were important. of all, they had a tradition of eating warriors which was critical when you were trying to put together an army. as you mentioned, there were code talkers, navajo and others that had their own language and it was assumed correctly that if a navajo was talking to another navajo on the radio, that even if the japanese, and we were talking about pacific the order in this case come a could eavesdrop and hear that conversation which they call it, they would not be able to decode it because very few japanese spoke navajo. so the code talkers were important for operational security. i think there was also a sense that with american indians, native americans as part of the force, that it really was a comprehensive american force. in the same way that we wanted all ethnicities to be represented by 1945. and it is a painful process getting there, to a technology that there is a rightful role in combat units for black americans come of that black americans can be excellent fighter pilots as they

are african americans and african americans comprise about 13% of the population. so somewhere around 2.5 times the incidence of covid-19 in the african american community. you are talking about millions of cases and tens of thousands of deaths. you are talking about a lot of excess morbidity and deaths. host: in your view, what is the reason for the gap? is this more of a problem of underlying health conditions disproportionately impacting people of color? is it more a socioeconomic gap that people of color are more exposed to coronavirus and in places where they are more in danger? guest: i look at what i call a toxic admixture. i look at it as three particular areas, elements that weave a cloth of disparate incidents and outcomes from covid-19. the three elements are, first, pre-existing conditions. african-americans are 40% more likely to -- 50% more likely to have diabetes, 40% more likely to have hypertension, 30% likely to have obesity. these are all indicators for the cdc of more adverse events and outcomes from covid-19. the second, and it is very deep, be

>> by the american or french if it's a 75, yeah. so, later on i'll call the deminer and explain where it is and they will come for it. >> do we need mark it somehow? >> no, it's quite easy to find here, so i'll explain the location. i've got maps and i'll explain exactly where it is. i suppose, because of the rain, it fell down from here. you see the erosion is quite new. so i suppose the heavy rain, it collapsed and that's why now it's inside the trench. >> so it probably had been buried for a hundred years. >> yes. yeah. we think we need several centuries to have the ground cleaned again. so, as we had heavy rain over the last day, good point is that soil is cleaned by the water and we have a lot of piece of shell appearing. you can see the piece of shell because it's quite thick, first of all. it's quite heavy comparing to the size. and some like this one is very sharp. and the idea is to explode in sharp pieces to give very bad wounded to the soldiers. so here are some that just looking around we start to see. and then i see a s

it's the american government that sets american military policy and not the offices. again the contrast is noticeable with japan where there's a military government. a military government from 1940 to 44. falls after the loss of cypan and then a new military government falls in and of course in germany the generals try to overthrow hitler in 1944 unfortunately make a bad job of it. and as it was the interaction of the military leadership and politics playing a big role. eisenhower has no big views in the sense he does what he is told on the strategic questions. and i suppose that you could say as to whether they should invade. whether they should in particular land on the coast of yugoslavia in order to preempt the soviet advance. churchill was already by 1944 convinced that what we call the cold war, what we call the cold war, he was convinced it was just going to start all over again. and by 1944 the british sent troops in there and trying to take over the government. roosevelt thinks this is totally appalling. churchill who had been secretary during the russian civ

all americans, by june, 1971. unless the united states that shall deem it important enough to extend that time by requesting congress. authorizing such extending times. >> the amendment to end the war provides funding for the extension of american troops during the total period of our withdrawal. it provides adequate funding for political asylum for the south vietnamese and other civilians. there are adequate provisions that these civilians may be placed in other places for their own protection. it provides for a continuing negotiation of exchange of prisoners. >> i assume the senate will be acting on another amendment? it sets the limits on that adventure to those declared by the president. this provides an orderly way for the united states to exit the war in vietnam south. what we are looking for is a reasonable way to accomplish that withdrawal. i think the principal stumbling block now is losing face. we are worried about embarrassing policymakers. worried about admitting that perhaps we made a mistake. if as

is the point, that native americans are americans, and that americans really cannot escape the indigenous contributions to this country. >> a viewer from ohio brings up a topic that is very much in the cultural discussion. from clark county, ohio, saying the mascot at schools here are ridiculously in error -- a chief in full headdress is called a warrior. chiefs are represented as red, white, and blue figures. it is a flagrant disregard of cultural differences. there are four schools in this county with the same clipart images as warrior, chief, and braves. the education regarding these figures is absent from curriculum. insult to injury. >> would you say? >> i totally agree with all of that. it is insulting, it is quite often racist. i have concluded that non-natives simply cannot be trusted with native american imagery. the football fans in this city tell us we are honoring native americans, and then they dress up with feathers and behave like fools and tell us that they are honoring us. well, they are not. they are engaging in racist conduct. we are offended, we are insulted, and we as

to get american support. the day they introduce that amendment, april 30, 1970, that night president nixon went on television and announced that he was authorizing american troops in it cambodia to attack enclaves of vietnamese. attacks are being launched majoreek to clean out enemy sanctuaries on the cambodian-vietnam border. >> all hell broke out on american campuses. even the most conservative campuses had demonstrations. the most romantic, the most tragic took at kent state. just a few days after nixon. national guardsmen killed students on campus. a week later there was a similar shooting at jackson state, in mississippi. this is a tragic moment. 100,000 people marched on washington to protest. felt the president could get airtime anytime he wanted. he could make these announcements to the public. they could not respond. enough to beucky on for a minute or two, debbie would get on the sunday morning news program. respond.ed a chance to they asked for equal time. they wanted free time on national televisi

president, americans want their privacy protected. for far too long the patriot act and the foreign intelligence surveillance act, referred to as fisa, have been used to trample the civil liberties of american citizens. for montanans, the right to privacy is so fundamental it is enshrined in our own constitution. in fact, very few states have such protections, but the drafters of the montana constitution recognized that privacy was essential to exercise all of the of the freedoms that we hold so dear. the bill the u.s. house does have some good reforms. it has some provisions in it, including a provision from my bipartisan bill with my colleague from oregon, senator wyden, called the safeguarding americans private records act, which would revoke the now terminated call detail program which secretly collected data on our cell phones, our land lines, as well as private conversations. but the house bill fails to enact real reforms to fisa that will actually protect a the privacy of the american people. and we saw what a handful of scornf

american indians. yet an american daily life, indian images, place names, advertising, mascots, surround people every single day. so the show is about exploring this strange contradiction of how prevalent american indians are in american life, really from the earliest memories of americans throughout their lives, and yet it is somehow never noticed very much, never seems important. the territorial team decided to call this the phenomenon called indians everywhere, and what it is about is normalizing what is actually a very weird phenomenon. we looked and we couldn't find any other country in which one ethnic group has been used for so many different purposes for such an extraordinarily long time into the present. so we want to enlarge the discussion beyond the idea, simply stereotypes or cultural appropriation, and look at the vastness of it, the uniqueness of it and explore the reasons for why it exists. we have in our hall over 300 objects and images of representations of american indians from before

with the return next week of american astronauts to space on american rockets from american soil and we are renewing our commitment to lead in the vast expanse of space as america leads in the free world. thank you for your leadership. jim, share some opening comments and i think we have some astronauts to talk to. >> yes, sir. they are going through the final medical visit. that gives you the situation we have been operating under these days. forward.een moving i can tell you a number of important updates i have got. the widow of john glenn passed morning.e this the reason i bring that up is because it is a reminder of the shoulders we stand upon. think about the mercury program, the gemini program the apollo program in the history. we will launch american astronauts on a brand-new rocket. this has happened in american history four times. gemini, apollo, -- this is a historic moment. forward to them joining us when they are done with medical testing. sir you are absolutely right. sustainably. we are following the president's space policy directive. --you announced a year ago the fir

the americans were on the high ground.although the germans don't go far, and were repeatedly firing. the position for the most part was in american hands. that helped to a alleviate fire elsewhere, which allowed other american troops to come up. so where did mcarthur come from that? >> from the car. first they will face the two farms. then they will make their way into the forest, climbing up the top of the ridge, and then starting to face deep german trenches that we currently see. that's the perspective that the hill give the americans as they were even further on top of it. from here we can see very far away. >> we're standing in front of the monument, which symbolizes the entire campaign, which lasted 47 days from september 26th to november 11th 1918. the battle of course ended with world war one at 11 am on november 11th, 1918. but really it was news of the battle in this large front between the meuse and argonne force that push the germans to their knees, recognizing that the 1.2 million americans who fought in the b

the americans. so you've got the spanish held by the americans and the filipinos surrounding the americans. the situation became really, really tense. ultimately, the american who did a great job, west mayor it, civil war veteran, did a great job, then otis took charge. otis was first commander of the infantry and cavalry school and was instrumental in building it. in january 1899, something happened. it was a tense atmosphere, and a filipino patrol moving around, and nebraska troops began firing on them. as a captain recorded in his diary, "last night about 930, firing began and it lasted all day and the natives got it good and hard. they ran like jackrabbits." so the situation was tense, once someone started firing, everyone started firing on the line.

all hell broke out on american campuses. even the most conservative campuses had demonstrations at this time. the most romantic, the most tragic to lay set kent state. just a few days after nixon's announcement, when national guardsmen fired and killed students on campus. a week later there was a similar shooting at jackson state, in mississippi. this is a tragic moment. 100,000 people marched on washington to protest. the senators felt the president could get airtime anytime he wanted. he could make these announcements to the public, but they could not respond. so, if you were lucky enough to be on for a minute or two, maybe you get on the sunday morning news programs. essentially, they wanted a chance to respond. they went to the fcc and asked for equal time. they wanted free time on national television to respond to the president. the fcc would not grant that. they basically took out a $60,000 loan and purchased half an hour's time on nbc. and broadcast on the evening of right after the news. may 12, 1970. it was up again

we are one day away from when america will return american astronauts on american rockets from american soil to space. nearly site -- extraordinarily exciting time in the life of this program. i know i speak on behalf of the president of the united states and express my appreciation. , the entire nasa team, my humble admiration for the astronauts we will be speaking to in just a few moments. they will be carrying american leadership back into space. i know i speak for the president when i say how grateful we are. it has put into practice president trump's vision for american leadership in space. , i seehe great privilege the vice chair of the joint chiefs of staff. commissioned the very first class of officers in the united states 's. the return ofwith --rican operations, this is it comes at an important time in the life of our nation. we found ourselves over the last few months dealing with the pandemic. we have seen the american people respond or health-care workers to first responders, leadership at every level across the country. we have stepped forward and met this moment as a nati

so you've got the spanish held by the americans and the filipinos surrounding the americans. the situation became really, really tense. ultimately, the american who did a great job, west mayor it, civil war veteran, did a great job, then otis took charge. commander of the infantry and cavalry school and was instrumental in building it. in january 1899, something happened. and a a tense atmosphere, around, patrol moving and nebraska troops began firing on them. as a captain recorded in his "last night about 930, firing began and it lasted all day and the natives got it good and hard. they ran like jackrabbits." so the situation was tense, once someone started firing, everyone started fireing -- started firing on the line. the filipinos were poorly armed, didn't have good discipline, they were poor marksmen, and after a few battles with the americans, they scattered into the mountains. and this turned into a really nasty guerrilla war. the americans replaced otis with macarthur, and macarthur conducted a skillful guerrilla campaign, as good as anyone could do under the circumst

they are sleepy. >> the american is no soldier. [explosions] narrator: the american no soldier?g the fight to the boastful aggressor. ♪ proclaimed superman was learning to his bitter surprise and sorrow the fighting quality of the american soldiers. it seems the aggressors had made a slight miscalculation. ♪ ♪ narrator: in italy, our forces pushed on through rain and mud. over mountains, across rivers. toward rome. ♪ our power drive up the italian boot forced the enemy to divert 30 of his divisions from france and the low country, weakening defenses along the english channel coast, where our invasion of france was soon to come. we now have an army numbering millions of soldiers. ♪ we now had 150,000 armored vehicles, as compared to the 29 tanks the army had in 1940. 400,000 artillery pieces were now engaged in the war effort, compared to the 235 available in 1940. from a 1940 production capacity of 117 aircraft a month, we were now producing 9000 planes of all types a month, a plane every five minutes, 12 an hour. here now was air arm of 150,000 planes, supporting the effort to

of course it takes later to recover the papers of native americans as part of the true american story. so the mohican convert to christianity traveled to england a voice of native americans and basically by the end of his life spent time mocking and dismissing this guy and never would have thought to collect the papers and check out later archive in the work of others to say his papers have to be preserved they are part of the story one way to think about historical societies they are institutions of loss like the swelling of voices in the sea of silence and what is selected is guided by certain choices on the other hand these institutions because of the work and proliferation of these archives all across america we have tons and tons of papers and records which do not necessarily lend themselves so just to give an illustration working at nhs said reading to the papers and letters there are all these books on the shelves written with the help of the resources of nhs and three books in particular were more prominently displayed all three of those were new accounts of native american cu

the americans worked there. they also worked all the way down in the caucasus in dagestan and all the way deep into the ural mountains as well. it was way beyond the limits that we sometimes think of. now, the size of the famine made it an enormous challenge to try to deal with, but there were other challenges as well. one of them was the mere fact of, you know, the number of people that needed help. at its peak, you had about 200 american men working the famine in russia. obviously, they could only do so much. so they put together an army, literally, of russian employees, who worked under them. this network of russians who worked for the ara eventually reached 125,000 people. and none of this work could have been done without the russians. so while it was american relief that was orchestrating it all, much of the work was done by the russians themselves. transportation, as you can imagine, over one million square miles was one of the biggest headaches. the railroad network had been destroyed as a result of the

more than 80,000 americans have died. just how many lost jobs, lost businesses, lost lives will it take before senate republicans begin to feel the urgency? now, on another matter, last week, americans learned that the trump white house had blocked release by the center for disease control of a document that contained guidance for safely reopening up the country. according to media reports, this guidance was painstakingly prepared by the c.d.c. to help the country determine when and how to begin easing social distancing. without causing undue risk to public health, further spread of covid, the recurrence of a second wave, and more infections and more deaths. the c.d.c. guidance included detailed information and flow charts to help guide states, local governments, businesses, schools, churches, and religious institutions, and individuals as they consider these very challenging questions. businesses want to know how and when to open. citizens want to know how they should behave to protect themselves, yet get the country ope

what is american exceptionalism? the general idea here is that we are identifying the united states referred to as america is a nation different from or distinct from or unique from all the other nations in the world, usually with an understanding as superior to other nations and in a sense in the role in relation, consequences of distinctive superiority for its relation to the other nations of the world. there are a few ways to these are different times in american history so one way to think about this is that the u.s. is a light to other nations in the world. this is prominent following the american revolution. 1790, of the 1800s. there is a strong feeling among a lot of prominent people the u.s. had achieved something that other nations would want to achieve and seek to achieve. there is a feeling that they would be the model for other nations, other nations would want to emulate what we have done so this is the concept of the u.s. as a small nation. if the concept passive, we will model or demonstrate something

what is like to launch americans from american soil. we want to thank the team that worked so hard to keep us -- to continue to press forward in the face of the challenges of covid-19. we are both really excited and prepared to bring it back home. with that, i will pass it over to our mission commander. >> thank you, robert. great words. very inspiring. it is great to talk to you, mr. vice president. [indiscernible] it has been an incredible journey to get us this far. in some ways -- this next week -- it's incredibly exciting. as bob mentioned, the challenges of the last few months for the entire world and how this has come together during this pandemic to get us to the point has just been awe-inspiring. i have great respect for all the work that was done, it is a real honor to be part of this program and to launch american rockets from florida one more time. vice president pence: thank you. it really is a testament to all of you and as you said, all the hands in this program, that even in the midst of this national crisis nasa stays o

a visceral thing for americans, african-americans and any american whose believe in justice, believehey want policing to be fair. you experienced some protests in montgomery, alabama. what do you make of the last few days? >> i think the last few days have been a circumstance that's been building. i think for leaders like myself, it's something we try to make sure we are in touch with the community, that we are engaged. i understand the anger. i understand the frustration, and i understand the reason and the call for change. that's what many of the protesters want, and they want to see that right now, and i certainly understand that being right here in montgomery, alabama. >> i was going to say. here in min am -- minneapolis, and industrial cities, a real sense of african-american history, black history, from the great migration and the jobs people came to, but really are you in the center of the struggle for african-american history and the changes that have occurred, and one of the things we are learning and more americans are learning about the degree to which while so much has ch

but the profound shift in american politics, it is the beginning of a profound shift in american politics. nixon realizes that his future depends on his ability to move those americans who voted for george wallace in 1968. that is 13.5% of the voters that nixon needs to have in order to win. he understands that people are spooked by the changes of the 1960s. the changes in race relations, youth behavior, relations between sexes, the hippies, all of these things upset them. nixon takes on this wallace law and order mantle where he talks vaguely about coming things down. he will be the protector of middle class against the lawless urban class. this is what he is talking about. the people in the cities. they are burning the cities, they are burning america. he had a hard time because he had to lure these wallace voters which included democratic voters in the north. urban democrats, working class, urban catholics who voted democratic usually. this is the moment where the republican party reaches out to what was traditionally a democratic working base. it was a working class voter base of whit

they are of americans on the home front. it also gives us a different look at african americans when they return from the war. let me start by showing you and welcoming you to this wonderful evening. thank you for joining us, i'm sure you will have a great evening. >> ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the deputy director of the museum of african history, kinshasha conwell. >> good evening. thank you for braving the rain which we know in washington is like snow, thank you spencer for that warm wall come, and the wonderful introduction of this buck. i hope that you will purchase it, and when you do, do read the acknowledgment. if i had time i would mention names like christina weeding, rex ellis, but i don't have time. and many others. if you look at the back, the names are all there. one of the people that i would like to quote from is a young man who had eight promising future, many have heard his name, it's lanny g the third. we. our lucky that our director was willing to write the instruction and a bullet to this book,

american history tv now and over the weekend on c-span 3. >>> up next on american history tv, a panelf four veterans discuss their lives in the u.s. military and combat experiences during world war ii. participants include veterans of the d-day invasion in the normandy, the battle of the bul bulge, the battle of oak nokina. it's about 90 minutes. >> ladies and gentlemen, thank you for joining us for this panel discussion this morning as we get ready to

the president's comments hurts every american. i don't care your politics president who ignores p the trut truth, said whatever pops into his head and then on his very way to speak the next and truth the president's comments show a stunning disregard for the truth it may havek been on the battleship but to say we have prevailed is a key to declaring mission accomplished before the battle is over and the wars are one. now theecha president we have prevailed on testing but that is false you can stop the outbreak it when we do so we do so safely. and here is what is so ironic about the president hiding his head in the sand he is desperate that we get back to work is when we have enough test. but to anyone who wants anybody in the white house is tested why is that not good enoughta everybody? even though states that have or topened up georgia the stores are still empty. because people are worried, justifiably. the way to remove that worry is to make sure everyone can be tested the first tell quarantined i called the mayor and said wha