these scissors have become one of the most important tools in the world, genetics labs, genetic scissors, work on plants and animals. and even on humans, they're universal. and that's why they have such huge potential the new technology is so powerful that in just a few years, it's become a fundamental technique for geneticists. in modern plant breeding in research and in medicine. but with great power comes great responsibility. should humans intervene in the blueprint of a living being? is it crossing an ethical boundary? in creating new species, many fear that humans are playing god. genetic scissors are already being used in a wide range of applications, like customized plant breeding. and the development of new drugs, treatments and vaccines. it's created a lot of excitement in medical research, but some people are frightened by the technology. geneticist, professor joachim vit boat says society needs to be aware of the opportunities and dangers, especially when it comes to human applications. the fog isn't mobile fume on this. i question is always about what you use it for lines of

, this is genetics. and then then yeah, okay. yes, of course. yeah. what can you tell me what i he was a me when you make the beginning genetics. yeah, he was a mom for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why school still teach mendel's laws today. welcome to to morrow to day. the science show on t w gregor mendel was indeed a monk. in 1843, he joined a monastery in a town, now known as but no in the czech republic. he became intrigued by piece growing in the monasteries garden. they had purple white in pink flowers. the pods were different. colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. how can there be so many variations? he wondered, he began cross breeding the peas producing more than $28000.00 plants. the results amazed him. when he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers again. 2 he began to understand the laws of inheri

no, you don't genetically. so one potential, of course, is we have to probably schumer nice some of the more it use necessary for the development of a t p embryos to match with a human. ah, cytokines, hormones, well, some of the things saw that it is b a coast to, to we're taking we're trying to, you know, humanise some of the more to choose the past. he's a question from a skeptic. i mean, do you think these xeno genetic barrier might be there for i don't know. good evolutionary reason. for instance, we don't mess with cross breeding cameras species. no, i don't know if this any bios can reason for that just by test. ah, we don't. we have they both based on the maybe outside involvement. ah, so maybe a bit difficult just like our lives for all of us. they can grow very fast because they have been to best decayed. so all you know be may not be that easy. but i think this would be a way to do that. that is all a tight doctor. like how would you then take a short break right now when we're back we'll continue tal

we would not be here in cancer today were it not for genetics and genetic engineering in particular. >> thank you. how much promise do you feel are in that area? >> depends on the arena. we are using anti-bodies more and more. genetics was used to figure what an anti-body was. we would not know how the immune system works if it were not for genetics. genes underlie these advances. the most obvious example. remember the breast cancer distinctions? they are genes. estrogen receptor genes. we would not know to treat breast cancer with the concern drugs if we didn't know this. >> host: doctors and physicians had to learn this quickly. >> what do you make or how close are we to getting a cure to cancer and do you thing the efforts like the president's shot and others by silicone valley to get to the cure, how close do you thing we might be? >> cure is a complicated word in cancer. depends on the cancer we are talking about. it has a rich history detailed in another book. [laughter] >> guest: if you ask me about what i think all of these moon shot efforts, i think they are helpful in some

you can certainly do with personalized genetic weapons. at that time, the 1st human genome was decoded nearly 2 decades ago. the cost of doing that was $3000000000.00 and took over a decade with a global and international effort to pull it off. today you can do the same thing and matter of hours or days for about a $100.00. so moore's law has held consistent throughout this whole process. and in fact, advances in synthetic biology and genetics are proceeding at a pace 5 times as rapidly as moore's law. and what that means is that our ability to use synthetic biology is g, synthetic biology and genetics for both good and ill is proceeding at an exponential pace. so it's kind of, you know, in a way a genetic arms race that i'm hearing from you. and i, and i guess my question is, who's best at this game? where are we, where is the united states visa, the russia, china, iran. i don't know france, england, other nations that, that look, you know, all warm and cuddly, but may in fact have capacities that we should be worried about. yeah, there,

it's not the genetic variance. i would be curious to hear what you think from a geneticist at stanford's like the four elements or fire and water. we've moved on and we don't want you to force us to go back and talk about it in the era of high air and water. we are past that. >> in other words, there is a basis perhaps. >> there are more fundamental things to talk about. >> that would reflect what i'm thinking about these days in how we have the categories of concept that we thought along from the colonial period and it's best if we move beyond it and go back to some of these take-home tests. it actually brings back some of the terminology an and these ids in the category that are kind of a critical analysis. there is something to lament about that. but i talked him about about if you take a continent, any content. i talk about europe in particular because there has been a lot of interesting work done on it. it's not just like there was a group of people from 50,000 years ago that have been there and have been euro

much more genetic information than intended. additionally, genes involved in increasing yields and some type of drought could decrease yields in what years. and as there is a large number of genes involved, turning one or 2 genes on or off is mostly not enough here. the less optimized the crop, the easier it is to improve. that's why experts he most potential in quickly developing old varieties that haven't been part of industrial production so far, such as millet, i'm corn, wheat, or magnet, which already have stronger defenses against climate related challenges. but where breeding is still in it's infancy, ah, so i don't want to take anything at the table. the challenge is so significant. i don't want to take crisper technology don't. i don't want to take shifting diets. i don't want to take restoration or reducing. it's all of these things. you genetically edited crops are labeled g m and therefore heavily regulated. but there is increasing discussion about whether the g m label is still appropriate. or if genome editing shou

worked without genetics. genes underlie all of these really miraculous advances. >> yes. >> so another example, remember this distinction in breast cancer, guess what those are, genes. estrogen and progesterone. it's a marker for certain kinds of cancer. the people didn't know that we would know how to treat breast-cancer. >> and the physicians have had to learn this very quickly. >> absolutely. they had learned very quickly. >> thank you, what do you make up or how close do you think we are to getting a cure for cancer [inaudible] >> so cure is a complicated wording cancer because it depends on the kind of cancer that were talking about. it has a very rich history detailed in the book. if you ask me what i think, i think they're helpful in some ways and can be hurtful and others print i think they're they're helpful because they refocus our attention at a time when our attention span seems to have degenerated and i think there are issues we should be focused on on how to help ourselves and help the economy a

and yeah, we have not the technology to do the genetic screening. so we would be able to select people for certain jobs and i think that is potentially already happening. so we are not always informed about these kinds of things, but the, the technology for genetic screening is this. the next step would be genetically modified so that the start of gene therapy and other types of enhancement. and yeah, the trucks are obviously a part of it. so soldiers have taken drugs for a long time. um, in order to get that the performance and comment i'm to yeah, that's just the reality of war and war to such an extreme situation that you need to overcome a lots of physical and mental challenges and anything that helps you with that such as performance enhancing drugs are obviously a good thing for the military and for historical context. would you consider that this has actually been done for centuries? maybe a millennia, even. i mean, take, for example, the fact that the vikings were known to eat psychedelic mushrooms, we're talking about trimmings here. before

changes or cases of deleting much more genetic information than intended. additionally, genes involved in increasing yields and some type of drought could crease fields in which years and as there is a large number of genes involved, turning one or 2 genes on or off is mostly not enough here. the less optimize the crop, the easier it is to improve. that's why experts, the most potential in quickly developing old varieties that haven't been part of industrial production so far, such as mill it each one week or menu, which already have stronger defenses against trying to relate new challenges. but where breeding is still in its infancy. so i don't want to take anything off the tape. the challenge is so significant. i don't want to take crisper technology don't. i don't want to take shifting diet, so i don't want to take restoration or additional it's all of these things. you genetically edited crops are labeled g m and therefore heavily regulated. but there was increasing discussion about whether the gm label is still appropriate or the genome editing should

can genetic engineering help crop stand up to climate change? and the usa is battling against a drug of the deadliest kind with no end in sight. around 1000000 americans have died from drug overdoses since the early 2 thousands, most of them from opioid says the u. s. health or sorry, t c, d. c. the so called opioid crisis was triggered not by drug dealers, but by u. s. pharmaceutical company per do. it's product oxycontin came on the market in 1996 and was aggressively advertised as a homeless pain killer. it was later revealed to be heavily addictive, even when taken as prescribed. several lawsuits have been filed against the family who own purdue. last year, 3 large pharmacy chains in the u. s. were ordered to pay $650000000.00 for failing to sufficiently control the distribution of the drugs. it's hard to see a way out, especially as drug cartels have long since discovered the lucrative market for themselves. a ruthless killer on the streets of america, fentanyl is 50 times more potent than heroine in the us. someone dies of fentanyl overdos

changes or cases of deleting much more genetic information than intended. additionally, genes involved in increasing yields and some type of drought could decrease yields, in which years. and as there is a large number of genes involved, turning one or 2 genes on or off is mostly not enough here. the list optimize the crop, the easier it is to improve. that's why experts, the most potential in quickly developing old varieties that haven't been part of industrial production so far, such as millard, when we or menu, which already have stronger defenses against the time it related challenges. but where breeding is still in its infancy. so i don't want to take anything off the table. the challenge is so sick and if can i don't want to take chris with technology go, i don't want to take shifting diet, so i don't want to take restoration or additional. it's all of these things. maybe you genetically edited prompts or labeled g m and therefore heavily regulated. but there was increasing discussion about whether the gm label is still appropriate, or the genome edit

scientists use genetic scissors to alter masses, genetic makeup by switching particular genes on or off, or introducing new genetic materials. over the decades, the institute standard lab mazda spawn hundreds of new genetic lines, including my so the predisposition for diabetes, obesity, and breast cancer. ah, the aim is to decipher the genetic causes of malformations and diseases that might have been key to a host of nobel prize winning research projects. the mice at the institute for molecular genetics are used for basic research. after almost half of old test animals, the other half are used to develop drug treatments or vaccines. each animal experiment here has to be approved and deemed essential for resolving scientific questions. but the moral dilemma remains. is it right for us to conduct tests on animals which result in pain distress and even death? currently is often no effective alternative stefan month lows. feeling a come on love, which was a lot of tests can be done using cell coaches these days. it's measuring the toxicity of various substances. for instance, noir may be c

genetically engineer crops can out cross and that their. contam their natural varieties might be contaminated and that they'll lose control over those. that's a major as it is and it's unfortunately one that's really not well founded and it's . the out crossing the. negligible paula only drift so far of all the claims made by backers of biotechnology the absence of pollen drift is the most specious and demonstrably false pollen bearing bees will travel several miles wind carries pollen hundreds of miles and humans can inadvertently transfer genetically modified pollen across oceans the theft and use of genetic seeds is not uncommon across national boundaries and genes are known to move between species on bacterial and viral vectors one need only watch wind sandia crest above albuquerque new mexico to imagine how far pollen can travel and surmise the vehicle which the planes grasses flowers and trees used to cross the american continent the biotech industry claims the chances of genetic drift at a distance of a few meters drops below one per

there are near a genetic disorders are critically important. so we've chosen to take those families and sequence both affected unaffected members, and that will help us pinpoint the gene that causes the disease. the key to understanding these diseases is to analyze people's genomes to look for differences . and to do this, they use a d, n, a sequencer, connected to a supercomputer. all living organisms are made up of each cell has a nucleus and within the new pieces, the genetic materials that define features that make us unique. the genetic material is a code made up of over 3000000000 components called bases is too long to be analyzed in one piece. so 1st they need to split it into smaller sections. these machines and does a process called shotgun sequencing. so essentially here what we do is take that genetic material, chop it up into small pieces, and load it into the instrument. it will interpret that information and put these pieces back together rather than trying to follow the full string of the billions of bait is a one d n. a molecule

genetically engineer crops can out cross and that there are. contam their natural varieties might be contaminated and that they'll lose control over those ok that's a major as it is and it's unfortunately one that's really not well founded and it's . the out crossing the. well negligible paula only draft so far of all the claims made by backers of biotechnology the absence of pollen drift is the most specious and demonstrably false pollen bearing bees will travel several miles wind carries pollen hundreds of miles and humans can inadvertently transfer genetically modified pollen across oceans the theft and use of genetic seeds is not uncommon across national boundaries and genes are known to move between species on bacterial and viral vectors one need only watch wind sandia crest above albuquerque new mexico to imagine how far pollen can travel and surmise the vehicle which the planes grasses flowers and trees used to cross the american continent the biotech industry claims the chances of genetic drift at a distance of a few meters drops below

are there genetic similarities to human scientists, you genetic scissors to alter masses, genetic makeup by switching particular genes on or off, or introducing new genetic material. over the decades, the institute standard lab mazda spawn hundreds of new genetic lines, including mice, the predisposition for diabetes, obesity, breast cancer, ah, the aim is to decipher the genetic causes of malformations and diseases that might have been key to a host of nobel prize winning research projects the mice at the institute for molecular genetics are used for basic research, as are almost half of old test animals. the other half are used to develop drug treatments or vaccines. each animal experiment here has to be approved and deemed essential for resolving scientific questions. but the moral dilemma remains, is it right for us to conduct tests on animals which result in pain distress and even death? currently is often no effective alternative stefan month, close feeling come and love, which was a lot of tests can be done using cell coaches. these days, it's measuring the toxicity of various sub

deleting much more genetic information than intended. additionally, genes involved in increasing yields and some type of drought could decrease yields in wet years. and as there is a large number of genes involved, turning one or 2 genes honor off is mostly not enough here. the less optimized the crop, the easier it is to improve. that's why experts see most potential in quickly developing old varieties that haven't been part of industrial production so far, such as millet ein corn, wheat, or magnet, which already have stronger defenses against climate related challenges. but where breeding is still in its infancy. so i don't want to take anything the table. the challenge is so significant, and i wanna take crisper technology go, i don't wanna take shifting diets, i don't want to take restoration or decimal. it's all of these things. the, you genetically edited crops are labeled g m and therefore heavily regulated, but there is increasing discussion about whether the g m label is still appropriate or of genome editing should be considere

remind us, who who came up with the term genetics?psalmody gets credit for that. >> remember he doesn't even have that word in his vocabulary but he knows he stumbled on something. >> he sent copies of his report, he condensed it to 40 some pages and sent it to the scholarly centers but it was dismissed. everyone said what is he writing about and why should i be reading this and he went on describing and then in the 1900s he gets rediscovered and soon after in 1909 we find the word gene because botanists and biologists begin to say to himself we have to have a word for this. it's abstract, we don't know what it is, is a molecule or a structure, but something carries this information. we know it's important and so we've got to have a word for it. william, one of his great defenders, i talk about him and there's a great picture of him in the book and points to the word genetics from genius, generation, all of these words coming together and he coins the word gene for genetic and then his colleague says we have to name that thing and the

much more genetic information than intended. additionally, genes involved in increasing yields, in some type of drought, could crease yields in wet years. and as there is a large number of genes involved, turning one or 2 genes on or off is mostly not enough here. the less optimized the crop, the easier it is to improve. that's why experts he most potential in quickly developing old varieties that haven't been part of industrial production so far, such as millet and corn, wheat, or magnet, which already have stronger defenses against climate related challenges. but where breeding is still in its infancy. so i don't want to take anything off the table. the challenge is so significant. i don't wanna take crisper technology don't. i don't want to take shifting diets. i don't want to take restoration, or we guess it's all of these things. the, you genetically edited crops are labeled g m and therefore heavily regulated. but there's increasing discussion about whether the g m label is still appropriate. or if genome editing should be

genetic map. that is. between the let's say paul's tatars and bush two years on the north you're you have career goals and. georgians and so on so definitely we are as russians or particular genetics. like an english that needs. those people that we have tested from these expeditions as a pure russians let's say at least as they say that they are pure russians they are occupying the sport if you takes your ukrainian this ukrainian will never get in this nice his genetic let's say sequence the genome sequence will differ him from the russians this is a true thing which you're saying because russia started in a key which is now the capital of ukraine so so so i always thought that russians are ukrainian and the russians are our same nation same listeners they're very close i would say they're very close let's see brotherhood brotherhood nations but still you can distinguish if you take let's as i told you. russians you will distinguish him from. ukrainian that's actually no harm because then you can

now, the bakery here doesn't use his genetically modified weight. the opinion among consumers is mixed. anything else? no video, we shouldn't even consider planting genetically modified weight seed the scene should be kept as natural as possible with no chemicals, see no side of it, okay? and that's gonna be, that's how we experience trial to every 10 years. so it's good that they can do this. yeah. it's good to have an alternative on a separate golf. i'm our demo for his part plans to continue planting, genetically modified weight the this week on global teen comes from south africa. the my name is invited in been a call. i'm a cheese old from cape town, africa. the my mom is a domestic worker and my dad works at the construction the i really loved going to school, but i loved the idea of freaking out in the morning any in the morning. my favorite subject at school, ease of cons and accounting. i love after class because she was, i was a day after class primary school. it's actually gets now to flow more and i can better marks in very good luck and

that was a how is a bad time to introduce a novel, genetically engineered. so i being in to europe and europeans. first, they didn't trust the private profit making companies that were, that were delivering these, these products to the marketplace. and they didn't trust the food safety experts in their own countries who were telling them, it would be fine to eat these toys. and so it wasn't dangerous at all because the same food safety experts had just finished telling europeans that it was perfectly safe to eat meat from. from cattle that had mad cow disease, be se turned out. it wasn't say that if you ate that me, you could, you could uh, contract uh, a possibly fatal disease. so when your opinions were told by the same experts, it was safety. the. so it means they said, well, that's what you told us to meet. we're not going to trust you this time. and so it became very easy for the non governmental organizations. opposed to this new technology became very easy for them to, to frighten europeans away from it, to stigmatize the technology. and then governme

we would not be here and catch today were it not for genetics and genetic engineering in particular.>> thank you. how much promised the field there is in that area? >> it depends on which the rainy. antibody therapies for cancer one of the most striking therapies these days. we are doing more and more. again, would not be possible without genetic engineering. we would know what an antibody was, how our immune system work if it wasn't for genetics. genes underlie all of these really miraculous advances. >> yes spent another example. remember the distinction breast cancer? guess what those are. genes. it's a marker for certain kinds of cancer. if you did know the you would not retreat breast cancer. >> and the doctors, physicians have had tremendous very quickly. >> absolutely. very, very quickly. >> what do you make or how close to think we are to potentially get a cure for cancer, eddie think efforts like the president's cancer moonshot and others to try to get towards picture, how close do you think we might be? >> searcher is a coveted word in cancer. because it depends on the kind