the soviets were not making things easy for the president.ns began over salt in the summer of 1978 the soviets initiated high-profile trials against dissidents .ncluding alexander ginsberg carter called the trial and -- that's at this an attack on every human being and world who believes in basic freedom. senate minority leader howard baker said americans were fed up with being pushed around by arrogant intrusions into africa, the middle east, and now he says the trial of these dissidents. jessica tuchman from the state department, the administration's point person on human rights admitted "i think we are a real turning point for human rights policy, unless we make some major response to the soviet decision." conservatives attacked carter for putting everyone in danger. given the political backlash in panama, the senators are scared when they heard the fury from the right. the anti-soviet climate on the hill, one of carter's advisers admitted in 1978, was so intense it was hard to imagine an agreement would work. the conservative attacks were

and had taken over the soviet union in 1964. u see here on the cover of time magazine, shaking nixon's hand, was a hard-line communist who had shown no indication in the that he was open to any kind of new relationship with the united states. increased military spending. he had entered into a series of in the middle east and other parts of the world with butunited states, s wereely, the soviet feeling the strain of higher defense spending on their economy. entered into negotiations with nixon, starting in 1969 in helsinki, and culminating in may of 1972. numbereement limited the of anti-ballistic missile sites each country could have, and it limited the number of intercontinental missiles and bymarine launched missiles freezing them to existing levels. and the senate approved the agreements very quickly, by by an overwhelming vote. the second part of detente under nixon was opening relations to china. toon made a dramatic trip china in february of 1972. carefully orchestrated like a television production. force transported almost

. >> my view of detente ine of making concessions to the soviets. we give them something they want very badly. we don't ask anything in return. bret: neither the summits more arms control treaties stopped the spread of communism as america looked to be slowly losing the cold war. after his loss to gerald ford in 1976, reagan spoke moving about the stakes. not simply the future of civilization, the survival of civilization. >> someone asked me to write a letter for a time capsule that is going to be opened in los angeles 100 years from now. i said to myself we live in a world which the great powers have aimed at each other horrible missiles of destruction that can in a matter of minutes arrive in each other's country and destroy. those who would read this letter 100 years from now, will know whether those missiles were fired. they will know whether we met our challenge? bret: ford himself lost to jimmy carter while the soviets added satellite states in asia, africa and south america. [cheers] when reagan ran again in 1980, his anti-communism seemed to

certainly not as much as the soviet leadership had hoped. mikhail gorbachev was going to learn that on the climactic third day in moscow. can make you feel unstoppable. ♪ but mania, such as unusual changes in your mood, activity or energy levels, can leave you on shaky ground. help take control by talking to your doctor. ask about vraylar. vraylar is approved for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes of bipolar i disorder in adults. clinical studies showed that vraylar reduced overall manic symptoms. vraylar should not be used in elderly patients with dementia due to increased risk of death or stroke. call your doctor about fever, stiff muscles, or confusion, which may mean a life-threatening reaction, or uncontrollable muscle movements, which may be permanent. side effects may not appear for several weeks. high cholesterol and weight gain; high blood sugar, which can lead to coma or death; decreased white blood cells, which can be fatal; dizziness upon standing; falls; seizures; impaired judgment; heat sensitivity; and trouble swall

where the soviets, the chinese were like the puppet master pulling strings. the reality is north korea never had been like that. north korea has been a difficult element in the communist block and we know now since the fall of the soviet union we have gotten access to some of the soviet block archives and we see in the 1960's, late 1960's, when this nt to which north korea was the a problem inside the communist block now. american policymakers today like to dismiss north korea as either a pawn of china. we hear a lot of that now. or a crazy, lunatic place. they have their own history, values, ideological presips. when you take from the public w, what you can take -- pueblo, what you can take from the pueblo is that a country's reasons for doing things has to be taken seriously on its own merits. until policymakers start to do that we will have the same unsuccessful efforts we had with the public low. -- pueblo. susan: going back to the story of the capture, you said there were airplanes involved. anything by a russian pilot? mitchell: no. this was north korea

but the soviet union we do not believe it is not at this moment. in fact we have been over the operative story that really. went. on. for a full twenty four hour as the world had stood on the brink of between the two great nuclear powers but common sense at prevailed. on october the twenty fifth the un security council issued resolution three forty the third and less than four days to finally impose a ceasefire in the middle east. the following day the vanguard of a new you and emergency force arrived at the suez front. but despite their presence skirmishes continued between egyptian and israeli troops on the western bank of the canal. so this violation started almost in me in a while because what will happen when the war stopped was that it stopped in the middle of ongoing military operations so there were no natural lines of them or cation the forces were merely mixed on the battlefield. with no clear border lines between forces a major breakthrough was needed to end the fighting and secure the fragile un ceasefire. it would come when a gyptian is

area. particularly in the post— soviet period, in the post— soviet arealj ta ke period, in the post— ry senior economy minister, the young star in the government, was locked up for corruption but one of the opponents of the regime put it to me and almaty, it is not a question of individuals, it is the system, the system is rotten. i don't agree with him because of course, everybody is free to criticise the system but i don't believe that he is right. the system is good. we have a very good legal framework for fighting against corruption. one feature of the kazakh economy is that a small number of extraordinary wealthy individuals seem to dominate. there is one private company, eurasia resources, which it is said controls 496 resources, which it is said controls 4% of the country's assets. it looks to outsiders like an oligarchical system. is that healthy and sustainable for the kazakh economy? it was quite necessary for our economy in the very beginning of sovereignty. you need to remember that the old economy was state—owned so the company you mentioned about was one of the first to

we have discussed both the immediate and longer-term prospects for soviet-u.s. lations. >> [speaking foreign language] translator: we have signed documents which record what has been achieved, and provide guidelines for the future. >> [speaking foreign language] translator: among them, a historic place will belong to the ratification documents to andtreaty on shorter range intermediate missiles. >> [speaking foreign language] translator: the exchange a few minutes ago of the instruments on ratification means that the e ra of nuclear disarmament has begun. >> [speaking foreign language] translator: assessing the work done over the past few days, we can state our satisfaction, save that what is happening these days in moscow is big politics, politics that will affect the interests of millions and millions of people. each such meeting dealt a blow at the foundations of the cold war. >> [speaking foreign language] translator: each of them made huge breaches in the cold war fortress, and opened up passages to modern civilized world politics, worthy of the truly new ti

gorbachev: [speaking russian] translator: on behalf of the people and government of the soviet union, extend to you my sincere greetings on the occasion of your visit. welcome. mr. gorbachev: [speaking russian] translator: it is now almost six months since our meeting in washington, which went down in history as a major milestone in soviet-american, and in international, relations. mr. gorbachev: [speaking russian] translator: now on this return you mr. president have traversed the great distance that lies between our two capitals to continue our political dialogue. this is a fact we duly appreciate. [background chatter] [applause] translator: maybe you want to say something, mr. president, to them. mr. reagan: well, yes i would. i was just saying, i was just saying to the general secretary that i have great admiration for the women of russia. >> [speaking russian] mr. reagan: i think you are courageous. i think you contribute a great stability to the whole society, but also to all of you, i think you should know that the general secretary and i have one idea in common. and that is th

the differences is the soviet states were really bad actors. iraq, north korea and serious, libya. >> has the u.s. ever used rogue states in your view? >> we have states we cozy up to the fear of communism. i would say boy scouts states ss that we would assume are opposite standing. for example, in the congo it was a very disreputable character. we backed him periodically because he was a staunch anti-communist and in haiti for a long time and the so-called were staunchly anti-communist. so we tended to back them o or excuse the human rights violations that we never really used a state confrontation in a more aggressive manner as the soviet union did. >> is there an advantage now to have north korea as a client state? >> that is an excellent question. there are trade-offs. it's a complex relationship. i would say yes it is an advantage for china to have north korea because it kept the americans a little bit off balance. it could be used against the united states whenever we were too friendly and provide too many arms for taiwan, which angered th

asked to name the most a process soviet the russian leader joseph stalin is likely to be among the first to come up with the great terror of the nine hundred thirty still haunts this country with millions executed to the what is much less known is that there are only a year before the purges began stalin sought to well for the lack of a better word democratized the soviet society and the society pushed back against that these paradoxes of soviet power came to life thanks to the work of an american academic from maryland who were found here in northeast russia almost nine thousand kilometers away from the old lines they. are. commonly. monitored. samantha long is an assistant professor at the state university has been teaching here on an almost six years in the morning she's trying to expand her students' english vocabulary by discussing beauty and fashion in the afternoon she scours the local archives in search of documents which shut the light on a much heavier subject the early years of the soviet state. i wouldn't be surprised to find that graduates from the state university teaching

local archives in search of documents we shed light on a much happier subject the early years of the soviet state. i wouldn't be surprised to find a graduate from the state university teaching at the university of pittsburgh but i think the opposite is still quite exotic how did you up here well i started writing my dissertation on the one nine hundred thirty six constitution and when i looked in the archives in moscow there was just an overwhelming amount of material so i needed to focus on the region and one of the regions i found a lot of material from cure of funding was a little bit difficult to come by it's not necessarily the most sexy topic you says no the topic but i think it's a very counter-intuitive topic on many levels how did the idea pop into your well that is a difference actually how i came to them like constitution and stalin seem like two things that shouldn't go together so i wanted to see what this was about how serious a project this was whether it was really just a propaganda exercise as it had been described or if there was something a little bit more substantive now

we've been hearing an inside account of the affair from george walden, who was then on the soviet deskn's foreign office. at london's heathrow airport, someone, somewhere has got a list. on it, 90 names, russians — men and women — considered by the security services of this country to have had some part in activities organised by the russian intelligence service. espionage on a massive scale. every country has its intelligence services. some of them, to put it delicately, are more active than others. and in the case of the soviet union, their offensive intelligence services were way, way beyond anyone else's. we were getting increasingly fed up simply with the volume of soviet intelligence officers who were being stuffed into the embassy and the trade delegation in london. i recall at the time the security services, mi5, telling me that they couldn't actually keep an eye on such massive numbers of people. and i learnt, to my surprise, that it took about nine security men to follow one soviet espionage officer. and so we were on a losing game. we didn't know because of the sheer numbers

few members of the communist party in rural areas to govern it so governing desirous empire of the soviet union and modern russia has always been difficult simply because of the expanse and the fact that the population is not densely settled russia has a very peculiar relationship between people in power and it's usually assumed the leadership suppresses the people's demands for rights but i take it from your book that in the case of the nine hundred thirty six constitution it was actually the other way around that stalin was actually more liberal and progressive society could take yeah i was quite surprised too and i was looking at particular hevia scorpius which is the right too. the ability to have rights when you stand trial to not be arrested without the sanction of the prosecutor etc people were not interested in that that was something that was designed as part of actually reforms to get away from this revolutionary rigol legality and sort of equal. implementation of both punishment and arrests and people weren't interested people had a lot of problems with crime in the countryside

kissinger decided to respond to the soviet threat with a show of force. at eleven forty one pm washington time the american armed forces state of alert was raised to defense condition three the highest in peacetime. well the question of the us versus soviet union always boils down to mutual annihilation we could have killed everybody in the soviet union they could've killed everybody and i state and the rest of the world would have gone it was an absolutely insane situation the thing that saved it was that each side knew that if a war occurred the leaders themselves would get killed and so when you know that you're going to get killed in a war and not to some poor peasant soldiers going to get killed you make different decisions about starting a war faced with the possibility of a spiral towards nuclear war the next day twenty fifth of october the soviet stepped back the alert was defused. of. by the soviet union we do not believe it is necessary at this moment to. in fact we have been over the operative story that really. went. for a full twenty four hour

but the soviet union we do not believe it is not at this moment. in fact we have over four operatives. that really. went. for a full twenty four hour as the world had stood on the brink of between the two great nuclear powers but common sense at prevailed. on october the twenty fifth the un security council issued resolution three forty the third and less than four days to finally impose a ceasefire in the middle east. the following day the vanguard of the new you and emergency force arrived at the suez front. but despite their presence skirmishes continued between egyptian and israeli troops on the western bank of the canal. so this violation started almost immediate and why because what will happen when the war stopped was that it stopped in the middle of ongoing military operations so there were no natural lines of denmark ation the forces were nearly mixed on the battlefield. with no clear border lines between forces a major breakthrough was needed to end the fighting and secure the fragile un ceasefire. it would come when it gyptian is an israe

the soviet bloc was collapsing and that meant trouble for moscow's allies including north korea. kim il sung was forced to find new sources of foreign aid to help him revive the country's stagnant economy. and one thousand maybe two became three states of the united states said you must reconcile yourself with your. commitments to be. going to. be made pursuer. between our friendship treaty which. soviets insisted before giving you a nuke your assistance that you do so so this is. the root of the problem very very join the. g. except safeguards of course. ultimately except inspections and inspections turn up an inconsistency in their declaration. hun's director general of the international atomic energy agency visited the young young nuclear facility in may nine hundred ninety two. north korea played a game of cat and mouse with international inspectors and this went on for t.v.'s. on sunday so they would allow the inspectors access to sensitive sites on others they threatened to expel them. later blix admission that he had learned next to nothing about the extent of north korea's

it begins just after the second world war. sovietberated the north of korea, the allies the south. soviet premier joseph stall innames a leader, a young general who fought with the soviets in world war ii. his name was kim. a genuine hero to the north korean people. >> he had enormous charisma. >> in 1950, he invaded south korea. the korean war had begun. when america, the soviet union and china got involved, many fears it could become a world war. >> we are fighting in korea for our own national security and the survival. we stand by that commitment. >> for the first time, north korea experienced the power of a nuclear threat. >> from the very moment of north korea's inception, it felt like it was under the threat of a nuclear attack by the united states. >> america did not use the bomb. but it's aerial bombardment of north korea was brutal. more than 36,000 american troops died. >> dedicated the whole korean wednesd peninsula. >> he started the war, he blamed the u.s. for turning his% country to rubble. >> this is how the north kor

and suspicion as to what the soviets were up to. and that spilled over in the spy affair. whole thing was obviously brought forward by the defection at the beginning of august of a senior kgb official, now named as leg. his information made it plain that something had to be done. the important thing about the defector was that he dotted the eyes and crossed the tees and so we realised there were even more soviet intelligence officers masquerading as diplomats than we previously thought. he gave us a pretty good idea of the scope of their activity which was very large. the reason these men had to go was simply that their organisation had outgrown the resources of oui’ their organisation had outgrown the resources of our organisation whose job it was to deal with them. the russians were given two weeks to leave when the expulsions were announced on september 24. today means they have gone almost a week early. looking back on it from today's perspective i very much think it was the best thing to do. because respect for us from the soviet side went up i think, although they di

the international. going to. be made pursuer. here in st peter in operation treaty which. soviets insisted before giving you a nuclear systems but you do so so this is. the root of the problem very very joining the. g except safeguards of course. ultimately except inspections and inspections turn up an inconsistency in their declaration. director general of the international atomic energy agency visited the young jiang nuclear facility in may nine hundred ninety two. north korea played a game of cat and mouse with international inspectors and this went on for two years. on some days they would allow the inspectors access to sensitive sites on others they threatened to expel them. later blix at mishap that he had learned next to nothing about the extent of north korea's nuclear program. ladies and gentlemen the president elect william jefferson clinton. in january. nine hundred ninety three name american president was sworn in reserve the third and then the prostitution of the united states sought help me god so help me graduate. and only on president clinton conceded that the u.s.

1920, it became the armenian soviet socialist republic. ialization, the evidence of which is still seen today in the abandoned factories and workers blocs of another time. and a soviet mentality, and sizable russian presence still hang over the country like a dead weight. no matter how you felt about soviet rule, the transition was a rough one. after the collapse of the ussr in 1991, armenia suffered terrible food shortages, and a ruined electrical grid that allowed only a couple of hours of power a day, if you were lucky. >> nazareth: the worst of those years would be 1992 to 1994. >> anthony: right. >> nazareth: but then a few years after '94 as well. >> serj: there was a lot of pilferage in the beginning, there was a lot of -- it was dark, dark days. >> mariam: i'm the generation who literally learned the alphabet with a candlelight. back then we had only two hours maybe. [ speaking foreign language ] it was something to observe because during those two hours, someone would go to the balcony and scream in the yard, "we have lights, the e

1922, it became the armenian soviet socialist republic. trialization, the evidence of which is still seen today in the abandoned factories and workers blocs of another time. and a soviet mentality, and sizable russian presence still hang over the country like a dead weight. no matter how you felt about soviet rule, the transition was a rough one. after the collapse of the ussr in 1991, armenia suffered terrible food shortages, and a ruined electrical grid that allowed only a couple of hours of power a day, if you were lucky. >> nazareth: the worst of those years would be 1992 to 1994. >> anthony: right. >> nazareth: but then a few years after '94 as well. >> serj: there was a lot of pilferage in the beginning, there was a lot of -- it was dark, dark days. >> mariam: i'm the generation who literally learned the alphabet with a candlelight. back then we had only two hours maybe. [ speaking foreign language ] it was something to observe because during those two hours, someone would go to the balcony and scream in the yard, "we have lights, the

west of mazower other remains of a canister finally from the soviet era. the plant is still in operation but no longer produces as much as when the russians were there. mouthing about it on the roof i don't understand candles are not that hold on the shaft million goes down as it passes on ethanol it's past flour johnny surely inside the saldana mission. could be quite sure that in asia. in two thousand and seven an experienced oil geologist rediscovered this area. he'd previously worked for unocal but he now worked as head of the norwegian aid project oil for development he wanted to help afghanistan with a new oil will. it too long to his dissuaded from traveling to the north but with an armed escort he went anyway. at one gas plant he discovered a brick don't room documentation of soviet oil and gas production had been hidden. behind the secret wool lay old maps and seismic so they used it showed afghanistan's oil and gas resources was significantly greater than the outside world was aware of and made history in those areas so although in the all that's

aer the war, kim rebuilt north korea with money from his sponsor the soviet union. in bridges, roads, built factories and plants. and by the 1960s, north korea became a relative economic success. >> this is a guy with a seventh grade education becomes one of the most powerful dictators of the 20th century. >> but there was a darker side to north korea's founder. kim il-sung who had endured the terrifying specter of a nuclear war, had begun his own quest for the bomb. >> it never occurred to kim il-sung that north korea should not have nuclear weapons. >> by the 1980s, kim il-sung began turning over some of his duties to son, kim jong-il. father and son were vastly different characters. >> you could talk to certain migrants from north korea that live in the south. they'll tell you that kim il-sung we loved. kim jong-il terrified us. >> introverted. >> kim jong-il is a complicated person. he was prone to mood swings. >> in 1994, kim il-sung died. there were doubts about kim jong-il's succession but they gradually faded because he had one talent. he was a master propag

by the time he came to power, the regime had lost its great patron, the soviet union. h whom it fought the korean war viewed it as a nuisance voting to sanction it at the united nations. >> north korea continue. and the most powerful country in the world the united states often expressed a desire to see wholesale regime change in pyongyang. so kim jong-un accelerate d the policy of his father and grandfather. he bought insurance in the fom of a robust nuclear capacity. having achieved its security umbrella, north korea appears ready to talk and it will probably propose a freeze, ban on tests, and even a rollback. but it would take a great deal to make north korea destroy its entire nuclear capacity. pz it is willing to do so only in return for the end of the u.s. and south korea military alliance, former recognition by washington and large amounts of aid. the negotiations contain serious risks, any deal that leaves north korea with nuclear weapons and yet eases sanctions and provides aid would cause dismay in asia and leave south korea and japan vulnerable. since pyongy

the u.s. or i should joining nato as nato was originally created to counter soviet union in big part russia i mean they go in itself with russia and it is absolute it doesn't make any sense anyway so the guardian has reported that u.k. is planning to use upcoming summits like the g seven g twenty nato and the e.u. gatherings to tighten the diplomatic front against russia do you think the foreign office will succeed. look i think i just did it just going back to the just going back to the whole nato thing i think if nato was norm's. pact designed to counter russian the soviet union there's no reason why as a collective security organization that russia couldn't join not think about what's the point point about russia joining nato or not joining nato and i think president putin has talked about that. so it's not beyond the realms of possibility well you know i think i think times times are changing you know i mean since the second a war they have british foreign policy has basically been to keep close to the united states as possible on the clear reasons for that britain relied on the united sta

he wants to gather the countries of the soviet union. it's critical to making that thing work was to have ukraine join. he had belarus, but we were focusing on different things but nobody read the memos. they were called cables. i don't know why they're sent on called cables. for putin the focus was on ukraine. here's why. anybody buy anything with a label on the back of it made in russia? here in the u.s.? what did you buy? caviar? are you sure it was legal? so we can buy caviar here, everything else. that's not really made in russia, it's package from fish in russia. about products made in russia. barca. i have been down to the park, you can buy beer, i would not encourage it, it's not very good. i bite every now and then for nostalgic purposes. my point is, that it is not of goods made in russia sold here because there's not enough things that we want to buy from them. but in ukraine there's a lot of russian goods. so to get ukraine to join was key to making this whole thing. so that's your goal, how is it that you would invade ukraine

the soviet block was collapsing and that meant trouble for moscow's allies including north korea. kim il sung was forced to find new sources of foreign aid to help him revive the country's stagnant economy. and might be true if you came to the states and states said you must reconcile yourself with your commitments to be. a pursuer. your history teacher in our frustration treaty problem they are drawing the. except safeguards of course. ultimately except inspections and inspections turned up an inconsistency in their declaration. director general of the international atomic energy agency visited the young the on nuclear facility in may nine hundred ninety two. north korea played a game of cat and mouse with international inspectors and this went on for ten years. on some days they would allow the inspectors access to sensitive sites on others they threatened to expel them. they said blix admission that he had learned next to nothing about the extent of north korea's nuclear program. ladies and gentlemen the president william jefferson clinton. in january nine hundred ninety three a

between the two occupation zones was drawn in on the thirty eighth parallel in the northern sent the soviet union installed kim il sung at the head of a provisional government. the democratic people's republic of korea was proclaimed in september one thousand nine hundred forty eight. in two nine hundred fifty north korea invaded the south yeah it was supposed it in this conflict by the soviet union and china the south by a un backed international coalition led by these us. the fighting dragged on for three years and killed an estimated two point five million. u.s. general douglas macarthur was chosen to lead the coalition troops. the us military reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in the conflict. that prompted north korea to pursue its own nuclear option. once the korean war was ongoing cumulus son went to the russians and said jamie i. like to get into the position where i had nuclear weapons and could deter the outside the russians said not on your life they were very resistant and he kept going back again and again eventual you they allowed song north korean scientists to go and

into nine hundred fifty north korea invaded the south and was suppose it in this conflict by the soviet union and china the south by a un backed international coalition led by the us. the fighting dragged on for three years and killed an estimated two point five million. u.s. general douglas macarthur was chosen to lead the coalition troops. the us military reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in the conflict. that prompted north korea to pursue its own nuclear option. once the korean war was ongoing cumulus son went to the russians and said cheney i'd like. to finally get to the position where i had nuclear weapons and could deter the outside the russians said not on your life they were very resistant and he kept going back again and again eventual ie they allowed some north korean scientists to go and learn to become nuclear engineers. after the war ended in one nine hundred fifty three kim turned to china to help him acquire nuclear weapons. at that time china's nuclear program was still in the planning stage kim travel to beijing to meet chinese leader mollett said don't but mo

to an egyptian army equipped with the latest soviet weaponry can tell the anti-tank rockets. and sophisticated sufis to and missiles. right on the political system away from the soviets were trying to impose their will on the middle east to regain a position data supplied mashable forms to the arab world. united states had to respond and it had to make sure that weapons were not perceived as being inferior in the soviet union. by the fourteenth of october a massive american alef had begun to carry weapons to israel. the operation was code named nickel grass. electronic equipment sand which would help to neutralize a sand sige toll antitank missiles or sand the strange thing is that the really important material it was sent was the most basic one hundred five millimeter ammunition they sent that by the thousands of tons and it was fired off almost immediately. throughout the whole war we were receiving ammunition crates of ammunition which came straight off the planes and ships. and no one even tries to make it look like it's israeli there was u.s. army on it so it was clear w

boys network and it's because the normal channels of communication often don't work certainly in the soviet union the only way to get things done was to ask your friend who you know paid someone with some falling key to get you some seed you know you see this most acutely during the war we have shortages of everything you have this barter system in the. chairman chairman become sort of the go to fixer one more carlo i found interesting was you mentioning about stalin wanted to have. competition technocrats staffing the state system and there is a similar desire on the part of the current putin administration to have the technocrats in charge prefer some reason and i have this felon and ministration of the president mr quinn find enough of those people do you think they. perhaps do they have a problem with the recruitment system or do they run against this informal system of relationship if you mention what's what's been the style of this era the level of education was a huge problem you know you have people that have i have one guy he's the head of the. district land organization in the dis

recently, the soviets have begun to show somewhat more respect for human rights. in the past year, for example, they have released some 300 political detainees from detention. it is my hope that what took ace in my moscow visit will lead to still greater individual freedom for the peoples of the soviet union. you see, in addition to my meetings with mr. gorbachev, i held other meetings with monks at a monastery in moscow, with newly 100 dissidents, men and women who have worked for years for the freedom to speak, to worship, to assemble, and to travel, and at moscow university with students. indeed, with the very students likely to become the soviet union's next generation of leaders, to the dissidents, i was able to say the people of the united states and elsewhere support you. to the students, i suggested there is another way to live and govern your country, a way of democracy and economic growth, a way in which creative human energies are released. if anyone has suggested even as recently as 10 years ago that an american president would one day be able to meet w

now the stalin era is one of the most extensively researched areas of the soviet history and it's also the one that comes with a lot of accept the conventions. this was strictly to tell a tear in state where everything was decided top bottom line here you are coming out with a book suggesting that stalin actually tried to encourage what he saw at least as genuine political participation why would he need something like well russia is very very big and at the time it had incredibly poor infrastructure and very few members of the communist party in rural areas to govern it so governing desirous empire of the soviet union and modern russia has always been difficult simply because of the expanse and the fact that the population is not densely settled russia has a very peculiar relationship between people in power and it's usually assume the leadership suppresses the people's demands for rides but i take it from your book that in the case of the nine hundred thirty six constitution it was actually the other way around that stalin was actually more liberal and progressive society could take

he was able to find a way to negotiate with the soviets to be extremely tough with the soviets and also a line, and a that is bad. so trump -- >> she is exactly wrong because both trump talked tough and then engage the enemy. ronald reagan talked tough about sylvia and then engage the enemy. that's what you understood, to get up and dealing from a position of strength, but that doesn't mean don't talk it. two of them were basicallymm pho ops, and reagan actually melt with human rights distance there. then ofw course in washington where they signed an agreement to limit intermediate rangeve nuclear missiles. but sometimes you just have to talk in order to reach an agreement. >> laura: a lot of people craig and sean and richard were upset that the president did spend more time on human rights. let's watch what the president said to sean hannity about this. >> sean: did humanitarian issues come up in the meeting?of >> president trump: yes it did. in one of the things that i am most happy about, and as you know is a big sticking point is bringing back the remains of thousands of soldiers th

society and the society pushed back against that these paradoxes of soviet power came to life thanks to the work of an american academic from maryland who were found here. northeast russia almost nine thousand kilometers away from the old lines they. are. samantha long is an assistant professor at the state university has been teaching here on an almost six years in the morning she's trying to expand her students' english vocabulary by discussing beauty and fashion in the afternoon she scours the local archives in search of documents which shut the light on a much happier subject the early years of this. i wouldn't be surprised to find a graduate from the state university teaching at the university of pittsburgh but i think the opposite is still quite exotic how did you up here well i started writing my dissertation on the one nine hundred thirty six constitution and when i looked in the archives in moscow there was just an overwhelming amount of material so i needed to focus on the region and one of the regions i found a lot of material from lescure of funding was a little bit diffi

know about just lesser of quite incredible transition from the soviet union to the. so seen all of the shirts and yes there is brazil's great ones even when these great ones and finally the soviet union were mobbed i wish that i had the house of the free will for the tournament he's got a point really. so we're very privileged to be in the peru adds peru going out for the local but by a group called luck they pull caution they pull over to try to pull back the funds they've been so poor it's a shame what does a shaman tell us what a shame and doors shimmies feel if this were not true as that story we call in the motifs and then disappear from many centuries back from sensitive once in the macho culture way before the press conference ended for that much conference in one so i played football for a long saw on the internet and i have at the moment a very very bad achilles tendon can you help me piece ok i will doing that what do you want to do tell me what you want me to do on tonight they please let's go i'm stunned to hear you once well. i'm very scared never to be