the union fleet was learning these tactics of running the ford. the commander of the union fleet at island number ten charles davis who had replaced andrew was reluctant to allow them to go and henry, the cored and sai it. he did. general john pope, who was the army commander there investing island number ten said he needed a second gun bo. but agreed to allow "uss pittsburgh." these are built at the end of 1861 and early 1862 that captured ft. henry and held with capture of ft. donaldson and those gun boats made it possible for pope's army to trap the entire garrison at island number ten and capture them. so these tactics of running which went back to 1861, they were bearing a lot of fruit here on the river in 1862. >> dr. mcpherson, thank you about some of the examples that you provide in your great study, of the individual decisions made by people like david faragate, why do you think that as many officers especially of the naval forces, marines and sailors, made the decision in 1861 to stay with the old flag? >> there are some other good examp

winfield scott was a virginiaen when he stayed with the union. s great adulation because he was the great military mind. look what he had done in previous wars. but the people who all went to west point got to know each other and when the war began, some one one way, some went the other way, the problem was that they did know each other and they were all the same training. they had the same ideas, many, many of them. so, as a result, when the war began, they all thought in terms of fighting about the same way. and consequently, when you fight the same way and you know what the other guy is going to do theoretically, it's difficult not to react -- pardon me. it's difficult to react in an appropriate way. and west pointers were all prepared in the same particular sort of way. and what happened in west point, and, of course, this fact that some people left meant that west point bore the stigma of traitorism, before and after the war for a long time. that had an enormous impact and development on military policy. >> that's an interesting concept. ever

they want out of the union army. and they find they have some brethren in the confederate inmates because they want out of point lookout. so the bounty jumpers in and the confederate inmates start to conspire. the union guards actually start giving them weapons and ammunition. they let them build boats. and there are all sorts of attempts at escaping point lookout. of course, you're probably wondering how in the world did they try to escape point lookout? well, you had to swim for it, right? because you have to basically build a boat on the chesapeake side of the point, sail around the lighthouse and across the potomac river. the river is very wide at that point. but nevertheless, many confederate inmates attempted it, and some succeeded. one of the most humorous incidents occurs where a confederate inmate fakes his own death. every day when they line up the dead at the dead house, you know, they just kind of pile them outside the stockade. and one confederate soldier, while he was outside, he just put himself prone,

the auto worker unions don't know that. with gm and chrysler, those jobs, many of them, were saved because of the government. >> that's not that's not a compilation of all private sector unions which built country. >> we'll leave it there. if 7500 bucks couldn't get you to plug into a car, maybe ten grand will. some are thinking it's time to pull the plug on the whole thing. well somewhere along the way, emily went right on living. but you see, with the help of her raymond james financial advisor, she had planned for every eventuali. which meant she continued to have the means to live on... even at the ripe old age of 187. life well planned. see what a raymond james advisor can do for you. oh, there's a prize, all right. [ male announcer ] inside every box of cheerios are those great-tting little o's made from carefully selected oats that can help lower cholester. is it a superhero? kinda. ♪ >> good morning everybody, live from america's news headquarters. i'm uma pemmaraju. funeral services for whitney houston are about to

no way the union army can disseminate that information. so quite frankly, she's free to do whatever she wants. and the only possibility that she might have is the rare instance that she's captured twice by the exact same captor, right? i mean, what are the chances of that? >> how would ty got exchanged or not, though? >> the prisoner? informed by your government. they would send you notice. and then they'd say, you're exchanged. you have such and such a time to report back to your unit. >> i'm not talking about the officer that captured me again if i got captured by the same officer, how would he know if i was exchanged or not? >> they wouldn't. they wouldn't at all. >> just like that. >> exactly. the point is, there are many holes in this operation. and by the second year of the war, they're already starting to shred. both union and confederate soldiers violate it, the confederates for more practical reasons violate it more often. this leads to the second phase of the prisoner of war system known as the cartel phase. the negotiations begin

unions in industry. and that means all of the government employees don't have a union. t the private sector unions can do whatever they want. >> steve are you for that? >> that's where they are in the public sector and if that is a compromise e'll take it and do the rest later. >> we made a deal. >> bill makes a point. in the public sector you don't have a choice. if you are a teach yer don't agree with the union in washington, what is your choice? that is a trang tragedy to me. >> i want the choice to be in the union or not. when i worked for a station in san francisco, i didn't have money before i was hire before i could go in on day one i had to pay $1,000 in order to go to work the first day. i think people should have a choice. >> which is whyip am not a union member. i am so cheap. thank you, gang, that is going to be the last word. some people panicking about the american debt. don't panic, profit. why this is the best news for the economy, that's next. [ wind howling ] [ technician ] are you busy? management jt sent over these new technical manuals. they need you

as the fifth column anti-unionism. the war department, a third agency involved, then contributed an order declaring tighter control of the telegraph office because intelligence was being given directly or indirectly to the enemy through the use of this new technology. and keep in mind as we talk about the different press culture, very contention press culture, there was also this new technology which had the same threatening impact on people as julian assange had in the 21st century, the idea of publishing anything anytime. so the war department placed 154 newspapers on an informal but chilling watch list. as early as april, telegraph wires had fallen completely under military control. but at the same time, only one or two sensors worked the telegraph office. so it was a warning but it was never completely enforced. and newspapers in the field, journalist notice field always had the o of getting on board a train with a dispatch or sending a horseback rider as a runner. correspondence did that, and by and large the press

and south carolina says we didn't leave the union, the union left us. and therefore, now -- i don't know, david blight, how historians can say the civil war was not about slavery. i don't know what they were reading. because if i found it, you all can find it. and texas was even more ridiculous. texas said slavery was important to white civilization. that's right. mississippi said we can't -- you've got to have black people down here. so first, before we can -- so the civil war was about slavery. the people who started it said it was about slavery. they seceded from the union, they formed this. now, secondly, there would come a time when lincoln would realize he can't win this war without doing something about slavery. and he used the instrumentality of the emancipation proclamation. he used the extraordinary powers of the president which the president has when somebody declares war because these states had formed their own country and they were committing treason against the united states. he uses the emancipation proclamation in september 22nd, 1862 to

now, the union fleet was learning these tactics of running the fort. actually the commander of the union fleet at island number ten, charles davis, who had replaced andrew hallfoote, was very reluctant to allow the carondolet to go. and henry walker who was the commander of the ship had volunteered and said we can do it. and he did. general john pope, who was the army commander there in vesting island number of 10 said he needed a second gun boat. davis was again reluctant but finally agreed to allow the uss pittsburgh. these are both iver-clads built by charles eades at the end of 1861 and 1862. they had captured fort henry, helped with the capture of fort donaldson. those two gun boats made it possible for the pope's army to trap the entire garrison at island number ten and capture there. so these tactics of running enemy fortifications, or attacking and running them which would go back to 1861 the union navy were bearing a lot of fruit on the river here in 1862. >> dr. mcpherson, thinking about some of the examples that you provide in your great stu

now, blacks only served in the union army, myth or reality? that's a myth. the reality is that blacks served in both armies, that of the union and that of the confederate army. about 186 thors blacks -- 186,000 blacks served in the union army. and i tell of accounts of extreme valor performed by these black union soldiers. what about on the confederate side? we do not have good data to give you a firm number. you see estimates as low as 10,000 in the confederate army of blacks and as high as 930,000. i don't know what the correct number is. probably somewhere between those two. even if blacks served in the confederate army, they only served in nonmilitary roles. myth or reality? another myth. i learned early on, by researching the official records of the rebellion, those volumes, those 128 volumes published by the united states government following the war that it contains the official records of the war. battle reports. you don't have to do a whole lot of research when you get in those and you'll find battle reports where a federal officer will report that h

seven cessation, eight were in the union. the other disaster would be to see the other eight follow the first seven. proactive action of any kind might have triggered that, throwing it into the hands of congress would have complicated it. and he was picking his way very carefully through this mine field in those early first months. and i think wisely so. so, i'm more with just right than too cold. >> and i absolutely for the record agree with you about -- it's almost self-indulgent to ask speculative questions. i could have lived without the phrase annoying, i might add. cut off his mike. john? >> in looking at what lincoln did or didn't do, it strikes me that he did exactly what lincoln would always do. he would never do enough, according to some people, and he would do too much, according to some people. if we look at the emancipation proclamation, for example, and the whole issue of the freeing of slaves, that's precisely what happened. lincoln, you're not doing enough. linco lincoln, you're doing too much. and i think the

committed to destroying the union. his responsibility then and his justification later was that anything he did to help the nation survive was justified. and sometimes that determination took extraordinary form. i know chief judge kay and chief judge lipman will be amused by this story, but when judge tawny challenged lincoln's suspension of the writ in maryland early in the war, the president simply ignored him. but, barely resisted, supposedly an inclination to have the chief arrested for interfering. during the war, the court did not again attempt to judge lincoln on the matter of arbitrary arrest much less press suppression. but that's not the story for tonight although clearly lincoln's use of the war power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus is relevant. while the provision was made for a dangerous emergency, that is the part of the constitution that says it may be suspended, it cannot believe that the framers intended that the danger should run its course until congress could be called together the very assembli

where the sickest of the union soldiers lived. those that were too ill to move out of the flooding waste area. here's another image showing you the stockade wall in the background and the pigeon roosts. this shows you an image of the overcrowding. again, the prison camp was never expanded. it was just continually packed with more union prisoners day by day. the death rate skyrocketed. about 13,000 died or about 29% of the population or about 26 men per day. to give you a comparison, the battle or gettysburg resulted in just about 10,000 dead or 6% of those engaged. and probably unfair to compare the bloodiest battle of the civil war to the prison camp, but if you put it in some perspective you were more likely to survive gettysburg than to survive andersonville. because only 6% of those at the battle of gettysburg died from combat. then this is a very moving poem i saw about andersonville written by a captive. this is the text here. here's our translation. does anyone want to read this out loud? any volunteers? dan, go ahead. >> th

as he's walking down the into t union army who is pursuing the confederate army. now all of a a union prisoner who is only a fe confederate captivity and they were begging moore to divulge some information. they said, colonel moore, good to see you. where are the confederates and he says i can't tell you that. we're up overtain and moore goes, you are? my goodness, be careful and the general who questioned that? and i've said too much. and they're begging moore to give up information, but he would not. so this system of honor was extremely important and it was the thread that held together this first phase of how prisoners were treated. another aspect of the parole is what happens once you've signed it. if you signed the parole as a prisoner of war he's allowed to go home to sit, to continue to receive army pay until you were properly exchanged and the exchange was done by the respective governments and there were agents in charge of prisoners of war who would negotiate for your release and these exchanges ran on race based on the rank that you helped. so if you we

different countries within the union you also need fiscal and political union and she also said that you need a common treasury and know what is being discussed today by the n.c.a.a. agrees with this is easily one of the better willy's base and i think of england no . caney well these things the cd you think should be in charge is that we're saying well let's you know i mean that's what i would hope that i would hope that we have more central part of the government and german interests in n. drawing up the fiscal rules of europe as i hope that francois roll on if he wins the french presidential election this me will do but the reality is that what we've seen in the eurozone are very harsh and fierce fiscal rules and the fact is if alex salmond wins this referendum he would be doing a deal to drop similar fiscal rules with george osborne it doesn't sound much like independence from a tory tax and spend policy to me nor indeed don't think it would be for the scottish people as cases no instance because the bank of scotland has been independent the chances in one

he saved the union. he did issue the emancipation proclamation that did call for the freeing of almost, but at least 3 million enslaved people, and, yes, the union army did have to come and liberate them before they'd have their freedom or some ran away. but he did issue the emancipation proclamation, and that's important. >> let's listen to lerone bennett talk about the emancipation proclamation and get your take, because you've written a book about this. >> not only did it not free anybody, it slaved or reenslaved more slaves than it freed. because lincoln said in the document, he said he was specifically excludeing certain slaves in southern louisiana and eastern virginia and elsewhere. these are the two main categories. now, why did he exclude these saves in louisiana? because they were the only slaves he could have freed on january the 1st, 1863. the union controlled southern louisiana and new orleans. the union controlled eastern virginia. now, on january the 1st, he could have freed these slaves. a

i'm going to propose the repression was actually supported not only by most of the union public, the loyal union public, although in a constitutional issue, that doesn't matter so much. but also by many newspaper editors as well. i've been surprised by that. finally, i will argue that when lincoln had a chance to apply total press censorship, he didn't. so let me first offer some evidence i guess of the nonlegal variety. because it's important to understand the conditions under which the press and the president operated requires a big leap of historical understanding. you have to imagine yourself in the 19th century when the press culture was totally different than what it is today. in the lincoln era, newspapers did more than report. they openly represented one political view or the other. they were affiliated directly with the republican or democratic party. they publish openly partisan news. they were not newspapers exactly, they were propaganda sheets. within this culture, violence and suppression against the press became tragically commonplace. in 1837, for example, a mob in the

the meadow bridges, they were all in union hands. by the end of may. and so joe johnston with his back to the wall so to speak said, look, i can't retreat any further. i'm at the last defensible terrain, i guess if i can't retreat, i'll just attack. so, on the 31st of may, he does just that. he attacks those federal forces that were in positions south of the river. assuming that those north of the river wouldn't be able to come to the assistance of that portion of the union army to the south. it was not a bad plan, but it was a complex plan and dealing with on-the-job training generals like pete longstreet who managed to get lost with a good segment of the attack force on the 31st of may, it really didn't go long for joe johnston, it took an even nastier turn when he got blown off his horse badly injured. nevertheless the less the 1st of june the confederates continue to make assault but by this time the union force has been reinforced, bull sumner, edwin "bow" sumner comes down the grapevine bridge north of the river and reinforces the federals to the

they say -- south carolina says, we didn't leave the union. the union left us. and therefore -- now, i don't know david blight, historians can read this and say the civil war was not about slavery. i don't know what they were reading y'all. if i found it y'all can find it. texas was even more ridiculous. texas says slavery was important to whilt civilization. that's right. mississippi said, we can't pick this cotton. it's too hot. we can't stand the fiber. have you to have black people down here. so, first before we can -- so, the civil war was about slavery. the people that started it said it was about slavery. they formed this secondly, there will come a time when president lincoln realizes he can't win this war without doing something about slavery. he uses the emancipation proclamation, extraordinary powers of the president which the president has when somebody declares war because these states had formed their own country and they were committing -- they had committed treason against the united states. he issues the emancipation proclamation september 22nd,

he wasn't getting much help from the local population. union officers were already writing home about the confederate soldiers are not too much of a problem. the confederate women are hard. they're difficult to deal with. they threw stones at us as we marched through williamsburg. think about this. no adequate roads. poor maps. awful weather. how could he have moved much faster? and yet despite all these challenges, by the end of may, they're just outside richmond. you've all heard the anecdote about being so close when the wind is coming from the west they could hear the church bells chiming the time in richmond. not altogether certain that's right. but they were pretty close. richmond airport, seven pines along the richmond york river railroad, the station there, fair oaks station, that was in union hands. today we call it sandston. mechanicsville. the meadow bridges, they were all in union hands. by the end of may. and so joe johnston with his back to the wall so to speak said, look, i can't retreat any further. i'm at the last defensible te

to go into the union. changed that to whoever showed up. if you had a thousand workers, and 200 came, 101 could vote. i think it is reasonable to hold the referendum. they will be represented. it will not interfere. you cannot just keep calling elections and keep everything in turmoil. you have to have some stability. with union representation, we have to be fair to workers who want to join the unions and that whole process in which you organize, and keep it transparent. host: to you agree with the caller, as he brought up something said have been proved by the union. it improved by the union. guest: -- that has been improved by the union. guest: we have not had an accident with a major aircraft in the united states since december, 2001. in smaller aircraft, we have, and we found out the situation he describes, not enough breast, et cetera, was taking place. we have -- not enough rest, but senator, was taking place. at the institution has administered some roles. after we did some of that, i said we cannot

to the european union before the e.u. imposes its own boycott. the number two american commanderer in afghanistan says the military will begin sending advisory teams this year to help the afghan combat forces. trying to get the afghan troops ready to assume the security responsibilities starting next year. egypt military backed prime minister says his country will not halt the crackdown against foreign non-profit groups or ngos. says egypt will not buckle under the threat of losing foreign aid. 19 americans have been referred to trial on accusation of supporting up rest in egypt. the european union and the u.s. are piling more pressure on to syria. over the brutal response to opposition. while one of the country's only friends is on the offensive. tonight, correspondent leland vittert shows us more amateur video that purports to show carnage in the third largest city. >> a quiet city. 1.2 million people live in the city surrounded by tanks. they upload the amateur video that cannot be independently confirmed. >> look. getting the children in the

so the union soldiers made a shift much earlier than i had anticipated. it begins in the summer of 1861 where they are beginning to write home to their families but also their elective officials to say that if we want to win the war and we don't want to fight again in ten years we need to get rid of the problem and get rid of slavery or it's going to be back at square one. so to take a practical approach to the problem it's the way to solve a problem. but this is their first reaction to what in the view as the cause of the war. then as they stay in the south more and more, they interact with the real-life slaves who run to the union army by the thousands and suddenly it is harder to dismiss them in an abstract or black people as an undefined category come something you've never heard of before. it's hard to think of them that way when you have individuals with names and stories in your camps and doing things like your laundry, and so the initial feelings about slavery or quite instrumental it's a problem, solve it but extended experience in this all we thi

committed to destroying the union. his responsibility then and his justification letter is anything he did to help the nation survive was justified. i know chief judge kay and chief justice willman will be amused by this story. when roger tawny asking in his capacity as federal circuit judge challenged lincoln's suspension of the writ early in the war, the judge ignored him but had the chief arrested for interfering. during the war, the court did not attempt to judge lincoln on the matter of arbitrary arrest but that's not the story for tonight, although clearly lincoln's use of the war power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus is relevant. in his view, i'll quote him again, as the provision was plainly made for a dangerous emergency, that is the part of the constitution that says it may be suspended, it cannot be believed that the framers intended that the danger should run its course until congress could be called together the very assembling of which might be prevented by rebellion itself. specific topic for tonight

crisis poisons the union. profiteers have more power than people. a free trade bloc under threat from the great least. twenty. and you can. still. welcome back i'm wrong i'm beautiful to remind you we're talking about the independence of scotland. and you can. see. ok david if i go back to you in denver and a recent poll had gives the the following numbers fifty two percent to thirty two percent english voters favored maximum devolution from scotland or independents a bigger margin of support then the s. and p. s.n.p. in scotland itself i mean it's really interesting it seems we're having talking about it leads right here in many ways a lot of it one and one trend that is really moving in the u.k. is that the english are feeling more english and less british at least that's what some data is showing i mean is it a matter of and leads and institutions that want to keep this together devoid to what people actually think. well i think that the opinion polls within scotland itself ok fair to show that there's very strong very strong support for even for

the union had much the harder shot. they had more tradition and three times the number of men and eight times the number of manufactured goods, because their job was to hold and occupy that territory forever. that was an enormous undertaking. i think it would have taken a number of years under any circumstances, so no, i don't think bull run is the moment in which they might have won. >> well, we all know how the south rallied around the confederate victory at bull run. i think it might have easily rallied around the confederates' defeat at bull run. remember a lot of things that motivated a lot of southerners to join on the confederate cause about which there had been a great degree of skepticism all during the process was the fact that the south was being invaded. i think that might have reinforced that feeling. >> here's what i think might have happened. i agree with jack davis and craig simons that a union victory at manassas, and everyone, i believe, feels this way, would not have brought an end to the war in 1861,

all of the union soldiers, if they wrote accounts after the war, derided this man for his cruelty. part of his reason for being so strict with union prisoners was his paranoia that they were tunnelling their way out. he also attempted to punish the camp entirely for any minor infractions. whereas, you know, commandant sweet of camp douglas, he wanted to punish people individually. wurz, his challenge was to the entire camp to regulate itself. and if there was some infraction, the entire camp would bear the brunt of it, which meant half rations or a third rations for the rest of the week. rationing was the most difficult challenge of these union prisoners. because the way rations were issued is they were issued by a leading nco. either a corporal or a sergeant. and they would be responsible for a group of 100 men. they were considered kind of the most responsible for each of these 100 sections. and that person got the ration and had to split it among everyone else. and again, try to imagine that, if i gave you -- let's say we gave nicole a loaf of bread. and she has to split it among

but lincoln was arguing for the preservation of the union. but if you really pushed him on what would you do about it, he would never give you a straight answer. >> that's one of the great things about seeing history unfold from the perspective of the journalists who were there. 150 years later, lincoln rightfully is on this enormous pedestal. and the reality was day to day he was having to engage in all the petty diplomacy -- i love the vallard portrait. he wrote it in 1902 reflecting on having spent time with him in the late 1850s. >> with a great deal of clarity. it's very sharp. >> as james says, he's offended and repeatedly says, you know, this guy is the president of the united states and he has this remarkable, uncontrollable propensity for making dirty jokes and body comments and he seems unbecoming of a president. >> he does acknowledge he turned out to be one of the great leaders of men in adversity. sort of completely miss judged him. >> completely. there's one quote -- it's before 1858. lincoln as a state legislator aspiring to bec

and admiral farragut was the foremost union naval officer. so i would rest my case on the leader who ultimately helped win the war. >> another california caller, westlake village. this is john. >> hello. i looked at your audience of old white primarily southern faces. and i see this spike in interest in the civil war. and i'd like to ask the professor what this says about our country, and in fact in our current politics many of the old issues and phrases that motivated the civil war have become part of the current lexicon. and my question to the professor is, what does the legacy of the civil war say to us today in terms of where this country is? >> well, there are many legacies of the civil war. the most important one is that the united states is still one nation and not divided into two or more nations, which would have been the case if the confederacy had succeeded. i think probably success by the confederacy establishing an independent nation would have created a precedent whereby disaffected minority regions might in the future have invok

this occurred two hours before the state of the union address. mr. ama received word that both buchanan and fisted were rescued. the president then relayed the news to the father of jessica buchanan that his daughter was safe and notified danish authorit danish authorities to pass on the good news. exit question, zero to 10, zero meaning zero impact, 10 meaning metro physical impact. what is the political impact of this dramatic seal rescue of president obama's -- >> i say 4 or 5. but niece things fade very, very rapidly. and i think in two months and months it will fade to almost zero. >> there could be more of these rescue attempts, and it certainly does speak well of our military the way they can perform, and if this had gone awry, we would be having a very different discussion here about the state of the union. so i give this president a lot of credit for taking risks that he needs to take in international affairs. >> i a sights a one or two because it does very marginally augment the sense that president obama is tough and willing to order these

the capture of new orleans was the most important in a series of union victories that caused them to back off. then of course during the summer the confederate victories in the seven days and second manassas and invasion of kentucky especially of maryland by robert e. lee's army revived that prospect of european recognition. they were prepared to go ahead but awaiting the outcome of lee's invasion of maryland and lee's defeat or at least being turned back after the battle caused them to back off again. i think there were two points in 1862. the first one was in the spring and faragate victory was a major factor in causing them to back off then and then six months or so later and that turned out to be the closest confederacy ever got to european recognition. >> do you think it was a mistake for faragte to press to vicksburg as soon as he did after the victories at new orleans? >> i think he thought it was a mistake but he was under orders to do so. after capturing new orleans he had sent a message to washington implying that he was going to go after mobile next and immediately got a re

for the last three months of 1862, it was another naval base for the union fleet blockading the coast of texas. the main job in remainder of 1862 was to strengthen the blockade. he wanted to move against mobile but for reasons beyond his control the government put off that and kept putting it off until of course the summer of 1864. >> we're right on time which is always wonderful. thank you. [ applause ] >> one of the great joys of being associated with this symposium is that we give historians their choice of who to nominate. i'll never forget when john walked into my office with a big smile on my face and says you'll never guess who mcpherson is going to do. david furagte. that's interesting. what a terrific talk, jim. thank you so much. it's 1:30. we'll break for 15 minutes. be back in your chair at quarter to 2:00. for the tv audience, dr. mcpherson is going to take your questions and earlier speakers had a great time handling a national audience. thank you. >> live on american history tv all day at the library of virginia, which in conjunction with museum of confederacy is asking

i knew the union and confederate differences. i was less interested in those than -- and i found very little of the east-west difference that i was looking for. there were americaners who thought people from the east were prissy, and you can hear that conversation today on the metro. that was not that surprising. they weren't talking about what i wanted them to. they wouldn't stop talking about about slavery and that's what way were not supposed to care about. at least it wasn't supposed to enter in the center of their world. so i spent a good long time annoyed with them for not doing what i wanted them to do, until finely, duh, i realized there was a story here. they were talking about slavery and they are. so why did they care and what difference did it make to somebody from arkansas or alabama, who never owned a verification whether or not slavery survived. what difference did it make to somebody who grew wheat in illinois or who made shoes in massachusetts? why did they care whether something called the union survived or wheth