questions of what makes a conflict not only a war, but a civil war rather than a foreign war or a revolution, are intensely political and depend on which warrior you ask. shifting definitions of the term have also determined foreign policy. do outside powers choose to arm one side or the other or to stand aside? publishers weekly praised in its starred review armitage's book is a model of its kind; concise, winningly written, clearly laid out, trenchantly argued. it's hard to imagine a more timely work for today. we're very pleased that he is here at harvard bookstore with us tonight. please join me in welcoming david armitage. [applause] >> thank you so much, nell, for that very warm introduction, and thank you to the harvard bookstore for everything that you do here. i want to reaffirm everything nell has said and ask each one of you not to leave here tonight without buying at least one book. [laughter] i'd prefer it to be my book, but buy at least one book before you leave tonight. the doors will be locked until you do so. [laughter] many of us, i think, can remember a moment not so very

war against bar intelligence war -- war intelligenagainst awt war. there were many -- a large support network, if you will, for the activists in the anti-war. their tactics were diverse and imaginative. there were possessietitions hik thought they were, they had protest rallies at michigadison square valley and during the war. one of their most daring perhaps efforts, tactical efforts happened after february second, 1917, when many people assumed the u.s. would get into the war by this point, they said, we don't think most americans want to get in the war, let's hold a referendum. those who like the war like roosevelt and many people in the republican party and so dem gratz as well. and they -- given anti-war congress men and senators held referenda in their own districts and states not surprisine inin w showed a huge majority for not getting into the war. this is not constitutional. it says the congress has the power of nuclear war or these days, the president usually has the power unless congress stops him. it was interesting, they had confidence w

the mexican war. trends in urban planning, the mobilization of history and sectional politics all looked at an uptick in american politics in the 1850's. a national leading magazines skeptically observed as the editor put it the truth is the genius of our people does not incline them to monuments or s.mmemorative statue the civil war did not preordained the response to the war. neither did that response stem directly from northern or southern experience in the war. the was wide latitude for experimentation, memorials separately billed with a highly thattralized process constitute a series of debates over the meaning of the war and the future of the postwar nation. historical firsts can often unimportant,ng or tributes to the local dead outlined some of the key ways in which postwar monuments precedent ando wartime experience. the person behind the first cemetery monument was thoroughly steeped in the most extensive mid 19th century system to come, whose german remembrance of the wars of liberation --

world war ii. these r.y.a.n.-watchers going through the documents also, two things you can tell. you can tell where they had good sources and agents within the u.s. government because there is much better reporting. you can tell from the early point they did a good job reporting on continuity of government operations. essentially, the plane the president would be entering a nuclear war. ominously, it includes several indicators that would have been included during able archer 83. this nuclear exercise. we will talk about it. including troop mobilization, changes in communication, used to watch nuclear weapons and new methods of transmitting weapons. of course, r.y.a.n. was searching for something that did not exist. plans for a strike were not in the making. possible reasons for this were bureaucratic expansion, this would not be the first time in intelligence agency created a threat for more work or itself. possibly socialist dogma. maybe they believed that socialism was going to lose to capitalis

we look at civil war and world war i. there are -- there is certainly to what i believe there's trauma running through every war. the way in which is body exhibits trauma i think is very culturally based. if we were to look at films under shell shock treatment that the stills i took are from a film and thoeld soldiers exhibit trauma differently than soldiers today with ptsd. so yeah, it's an interesting comparison there trying to figure out what actually buwas going on. >> and our last question will come from this gentleman. >> it sounds like you're quite familiar with current ptsd for iraq and all that, soldiers there are quote kvolunteers, unquote. has anybody looked at that in vietnam and world war ii and world war i and civil war, i particularly emphasize civil war. we also remember this post-traumatic stress disorder are wastebasket terms medically speaking. what about looking at brain chemicals in response to stress and we certainly know they are certainly in different people. has anybody looked atpeople. has anyone

this war. yes, they have the ease of being on the defense. like the french, they are on invaded soil. they're protecting soil from being invaded. they get the ease of being the defender. problem is, they are defending french people. what? can you imagine some british grandfathers, great-grandfathers hearing that their great-grandson was going off to die for french people? someone who fought in wars in the 1860's with the germans as the allies against the greatest nation of enemies the british have ever known, the french. and there they were, overseas, dying for french people, a very strange position to be in, and it is reflected in this strange kind of vague notion that the british are defending a way of life back in britain, that by being there in france and stopping jerry, this will protect the home in an abstract way. england is not being invaded, but we will somehow protect england by stopping the germans. it is difficult to thread that needle. that is a difficult job for the british. they

in his book "civil wars: a history in ideas." >> civil war has something atrocious about it remarked the german political theorist karl schmidt. it's fraternal war because it's conducted within a common political unit and because both warring sides at the same time absolutely affirm and absolutely deny this common unit. >> go to booktv.org for the complete weekend schedule. >>> and i think a lot of these kids look at these huge ideas, you take twitter, you take uber, air bnb, and they seem like conversationally almost like a "seinfeld" episode, oh, if only we had this then this could happen. and they felt like oh, i could just do this like this. and it was so much harder. >> reporter: sunday night on "q&a," "wall street journal" staff reporter alexandra wolf looks at the world of start-ups in silicon valley and the young people who have ventured there with hopes of becoming the next big success story. in her book "this valley of the gods." >> a lot of them felt like -- it felt like the rush of hollywood actresses to l.a. and they end up being a waitress and they wait for their big da

war office. they seen were done. in the until they got overseas did it hit home. >> once the americans joined in, how much of the war was fought on sea as possessed to land? >> some attacks by you boats there was wasn't a major navial engagement that the americans were involved in. >> this is one of my favorite stories from world war i, what they did upon arriving in paris was visit the tomb. >> here you are american troops in the so-called quiet sector where they are training to fight. you can see they have gas masks on. even though trenches are se nom mouse with world war i, they leave from aboveground -- sorry, under the ground through the woods so forth. he was fearful because the french and the british was using the this would go on and on. he felt the only way to defeat the german was to attack by going over the top. >> what are they depicting here? >> these are just scenes of camp life. they are young, they are between 18 and 25. they are playing cards. trying to do laundry. living life on the front. >> what t

war within a war, controversy on the american civil war. she recently published the work, the american war. this came out this year in 2016. her scholarship has been recognized in the following awards. she had the 2010 choice award, the jefferson davis award in 2009. also the award for excellence in civil war biography. her stellar publication has that one cannot produce great scholarship without 14 great excellence in teaching. she is the recipient of for teaching awards. including the most prestigious one at ucla. her teaching extends beyond the classroom. she is a frequent participant and workshops, secondary schools, she has been featured in documentaries and programs towards the examination of the civil war. this topic will be the surrender of ulysses s. grant. [applause] joan: thank you. now it is my turn to say good morning. i am delighted to be here. this is my first time speaking at the lincoln forum symposium. i am, i could not be more thrilled. the title is abraham lincoln his life and legacy. certainly the civil war played a big

declared war itself, he wanted to mediate the war. he wanted to somehow be honest broker between the powers. he had, as you know, three ambitions to be the great statesmen. as someone would believe very much in the promise of american democracy, he wanted to spread that around the world, but he wanted to do it peacefully. he was quite aware that there were tremendous amount of ethnic tensions flowing up once the war began. the german-american alliance had 2 million members supported by the brewing interest in america. it was holding demonstrations in many cities that were stronger with germans like st. louis and milwaukee, new york city, chicago, calling for the u.s. to stay out and basically supporting the german warriors, and there were poles who were arguing that. polish independence, it would be nothing if the war didn't happen. there were russian jews who were opposed to the czar and his subway supported the germans because of that. on the other hand there were russian christians who wanted to support their soldiers so to speak i

war ii. they talk about the rise of communist leaders in north korea and china's mao zedong and the relationship between the two countries after the war. atrecorded the discussion the national world war ii museum in new orleans. part of it 2016 conference that focused on the year 1946. this is about an hour and 20 minutes. >> welcome to the 105 session of "the warrence, titled is over, but the fighting continues," a fema the conference. peacelit between war and is not as smooth as we have been led to believe over the years. our two speakers today, you could say they need no introduction. there are exactly the sort of people who should have them because of their achievements. alan --tart with dr. there are three of them. one who served his country, a retired colonel in the marine corps reserve. author,is a prolific and "semper won," ," and a third volume in preparation as we speak. a one volume history of the war coming up next week area and at that point he said that is all anyone can take on

military history, the civil war. history, world war i. in your opinion, what is a conflict or work that you think not enough has been written on? especially with regard to conflicts right now. lt. gen. mcmaster: i think -- i would say going recent history, i would say the iraq war. joel rayburn is here. raise your hand. that distinguished gentleman there. seminalust drafted a operational history of the iraq war. i think what that is going to be is a tremendous jumping off point for historians to really dig into aspects of that operational history in greater depth. in large measure, we have been , notacted about iraq by the wrong question, but a question we have asked and answered which is --should we had done it? who the hell thought it would be easy? and why? -- how did the war progress from that point on? iraq war and obviously connecting it to what is going on today. michael wharton is working on another volume and he has been very good. --t is the contemporary contemporaneously written history that will stand the test of time. books a

war. and it is over 25 billion people half of the estimated direct casualties. even that count does not include civilians or wounded refugees those who did set die from disease or nutrition even though that has been to the economic cost the impact is no less appalling more than half of that population is displays the also remember as well as costing many lives they waste resources and divert spending to disrupt economies for crime and disease for decades in civil war-torn societies. with the annual price tags of $123 billion roughly the equivalent of the budgets of economic aid every year. is that development in reverse? how do we make sense of such mayhem? so to have social applicable theory but when it comes to civil war or the abolition. and then to dismiss the civil war. and with at modern form. so exist today the theory of four with the theory of peace but to goes on with no theory of civil war and our own demands that cannot help bin history possibly can and. to have the first long-r

for most of the war they were producing cast iron cannons. tredegar's ability to ship its product out was affected by the advances in the union army as far as territory. some parts of the canal, they were able to ship supplies down the canal. the southern railroads were a major link to the other southern states. as the union advanced, they blew up parts of the canal, parts of the railroad. tredegar's ability to get weaponry and supplies to other states fighting the civil war was dwindling and dwindling as time went on. in march of 1865, tredegar essentially ceased operations as far as making cannonry because they ran out of supplies. in april, when the evacuation fire was raging tredegar was spared. destruction some windows were blown out when a nearby manufacturer of arms exploded. tredegar and its machinery was able to resume operations immediately after the war ended. when the union army came in the richmond they occupied tredegar iron works. joseph reed anderson and his amily, his sons and uncle, lot of other family members were working a

war, defeating the confederacy, restoring the union. he certainly did not want to get back into the meat grinder of war. the what's going to happen now? he's in carolina. joe johnston is back again. us., craig's already told sherman receives a letter from joe johnston rick busting a meeting between the two of them. just before he leaves for that, getting ready to leave for that sherman, a subordinate hands him a telegraph that is just arrived from washington. and of act one. [laughter] craig: act two. the two men arrived at the designated meeting place. they dismounted. shook hands. and leaving their respective entourages outside, they went together into the bennett small farmhouse. and theikely and grant mclean house, we saw several images. thatave all seen images of , noere were no andriy anza staff members. just the two of them together in the small, rustic cabin. inside, sherman took out of his pocket the telegram that he had handed just as he was leaving for the meeting and showed it to joe johnston. so far he had shown it to no on

an anti-communist agenda during the cold war. on tuesday we travel up the east coast to the national constitution center in philadelphia. for new york university law professor larry friedman's talk on how technology has advanced policing to allow law enforcement agencies to operate in secret. wednesday we had down south to the jordan club atlanta. to hear william miller and dick carpenter of the institute for justice discuss how bottleneck verse Ãgovernment regulations that they benefit from. thursday at -- in new york city former special assistant to president bill clinton and ames beard award-winning author, adrian miller will have a history of african-americans who work in the food service at the white house. also during that evening at the new york university bookstore, carolyn might give her critical thoughts on gun rights movement, and stand your ground laws being adopted across the country.and that is a look at some of the programs booktv will be covering this week. many of these events are open to the public.look for them

world war ii. going through the documents also, it is pretty fascinating. there two things you can tell. you can tell where they had good sources and agents within the u.s. government because there is much more reporting. these are spotty documents. the second thing is that from a pretty early they did a pretty point, good job ferreting out and reporting on continuity of government operations. essentially, the plane the president would fly on during nuclear war. they monitor that. ominously, it includes several indicators that would have been included during able archer 83. this nuclear release exercise that we will talk about. this includes troop mobilization, changes in communication, nuclear weapons, launchunication used to nuclear weapons and new methods , of transmitting weapons. of course, ryan was searching for something that did not exist. the plants with the decapitating strike were not in the making. possible reasons for this were bureaucratic expansions. this would not be the first time

prior to the war. everybody's kind of interested in them in some way, shape or form but how are we going to use these funny machines in the future war? this is something ev's trying to come to grips with during this time. as a matter of fact, let me give you a couple quotes here on the confusion that abounds about airplanes. here's doug haig and marshall foche. before the war these gentlemen have this to say. again, this underscores the idea of confusion with regard to airplanes and what they do. one of the things we have to take a look at is the historical context with regard to airplanes. and we start seeing these things or at least machines in the air as early as of course the american civil war. with thaddeus lowe. we see them with the uk in sudan and south africa. and as early as may of 1899 at the hague conference there's an international treaty that says, and i quote, there will be a prohibition of the discharge of any kind of projectile or explosion from a balloon. so we're already starting to

civil war center . she came to richmond from detroit where she had been president and ceo of the nations largest african american museum, the charles h wright museum of african american history. she began her career in public history at colonial williamsburg. decade there,n a she became its director of public programs. christie is no stranger to controversies over public history. having been at the center of the storm over colonial williamsburg's reenactment of a slave auction. when she arrived in richmond in 2008, she was quickly introduced to the strong feelings that surround civil war monuments. she was quickly introduced to governor mcauliffe's monument workgroup, but we will let christie tell us all about this in her program titled, "monuments, markers, museums, and the landscape of civil war emory." ladies and gentlemen, christie coleman. [applause] : good morning, everyone. >> good morning. ms. coleman: that was quite in introduction, wasn't it? mater would be very upset if i did not make one sli

they saw the war as a war against slavery. so despite the initial policy return let me explain that, initially lincoln, his first job was to reunite the country as president of the united states. you become president and all of a sudden the country splits in half. it doesn't matter whether he was against slavery. his first job was to unify the country. therefore his initial orders to his military commanders in the field, his initial order was to return slaves to protect the property rights in hopes he could cstop the rebellion. blacks saw this as a conflict of opportunity. they took the advantage of disruption of war. let me give you an example. i mentioned here congress july 21st but before we get to that let's understand what blacks did, what african americans did. y'all know where hampton university is, hampton, virginia? federal forces at monroe. what do you think was -- who was building the fortifications and bringing up pliforces. slaves are doing the work necessary. well, three of these in 1861 take off a federal allian

war does allow for killing. not every killing during the course of a war will be considered an illegal killing. proportionality --sonali that has been a big issue. are the number of individuals being killed by front strikes, is that minimizing the amount of harm being done to individuals on the ground if we were to take other operational methods? i would love to see more research that actually looks the what is more leasing of facts round numbers and data so we can have a better understanding of this issue of necessity and proportionality and what are some of the facts around when different tactics may minimize the harm overall will maximizing the military objective. -- while maximizing the military objective. >> i haven't read your book, so forgive me -- what i'm hearing tonight is mainly it is european-based law emanating from the nuremberg tribunal. have the asians or the southeast s -- what has the icc done work with those entities, those countries? the you want to talk about cambodia? in terms of internatio

not realizing they had been at war for years. that had not been in the american press, and we just got down there a few weeks earlier. so you can actually trace some of the photos of one of the black commanders of the cubean rebels. we one he would pictured in the u.s. it was black and also the war proceeded he got lighter and lighter. so the can shock of learning that black people would be involved in government in cuba if with allowed cuban independence is one reason we decided cuba can absolutely not become independent. as you said earlier, we had this view that as one senator said in his speech on the treaty of paris, the opposition tells us that we ought not to govern other people without their consent. i answer the rule of liberty that all just government derives from the authority of the consent of the government applies only to those who are capable of self-government, we govern our children without their consent. this is the same attitude we took toward people that were not white and it's not very deep below the surface.

war ii. and for those other countries, when it comes to world war ii -- canadians die a lot more in world war i because we are there in the trenches the whole time. canada tends to get in world wars immediately. we don't wait two or three years for our neighbors to show up and help us out. we tend to take a few more casualties for a while. but we are a was happy when the big brother shows up with his big guns and money and material. so there is also centrality in national stories for these , so canada and australia see world war i as this huge coming-of-age moving away from the polyesters directing us in the british empire, and we .ecome these new young nations it is always interesting to make these comparisons, and what is interesting about this conference so far is how comparative the conference is. those papers yesterday constantly comparative, not just strict national histories. foreigners like myself have a big fear that next year's be america,ll america, finally we get to talk about ame

the war ended, the war was lost, but the conflict continues. reconstruction, segregation, civil rights. note, say on a brighter another mississippi monument at vicksburg, this one attributed to african americans from mississippi including those who fought for the union. they could not see the future any more than we could, that they wanted more than a surrender site. this day one for better or worse. it is curiously appropriate the civil rights leader and mortar edgar evans -- martyr maker evans, a world war ii veteran, courted his wife on the vicksburg battlefield. vicksburg is, he wrote "one of the state's most youthful spots." is.te the tents, not was, it is present tense. the landscape scenes fixed but it is dynamic, it does change. soldier, thepi corn mississippi -- corinth mississippi african-american woman, and in the process of this journey we took, somewhere i realized there is a pattern here, that the monitor -- monuments are telling us this, it is not over. the war was not lost as the fight is still going on. modest for example, the

why are neo-confederate so eager to champion war heaters -- war heroes? there seems to be no middle ground. this recitation will perhaps raise more questions than answered. in the words of one african-american female family history., we all got the epilogue of the 1993 movie "gettysburg," note to some of us as getty's beard stated "lee served until the end of the war and almost two years later." the confederacy claimed that only caesar, napoleon, stonewall adored bynd lee were their troops. one army north of virginia soldier voiced his adoration "this army loves their chief, as much as a child loves his father and seems to feel that affection from him." this audience is undoubtedly familiar with robert e. lee in his literature. the university of virginia contains 2300 entries on abraham lincoln, 800 on lee, 500 on martin luther king jr., and 400 on jefferson davis. is etched across the cultural landscape. americans have two images of lee warrior minds eye, the frozen in time on horseback or as making peace with honor by signing the army of northern virgin

it is real people fighting these wars and coming home from these wars. if we want to help people we will see them as the real people they are. >> guest: one of things to talk about is residual anger you experienced. these are great names and i don't think their real names. you say the wrong people being called heroes. i think in some cases, they were fictionalized reports and make soldiers like you were forced to pick a medal that maybe you didn't want because accepting the medal made a superior officer look good. it tears at you more than you would imagine. does it still bother you and why? >> guest: i had a lot of people die in my hands and i almost died a lot of times. what messed me up the most was seeing people allowed to go to war. i could fight wars and almost die and have people die in my hands it is fine. but seeing like, i don't know, like a soul fall apart. people trying to lie and do anything for the war. napoleon said a man will fight long and hard for a bit of colored ribbon. seeing that in action where people arei fighting in line fo a bit

in the revolutionary war. those are just a few of the programs you'll see in book tv, and c-span2 this weekend. for complete television schedule visit booktv.org. book tv, 48 hours of nonfiction books and authors, television for serious readers. [inaudible] >> good evening. can everybody hear me okay? my name is elizabeth with a smithsonian associates and it's my pleasure to welcome you to the program. brothers in arms, revolutionary arm and look in history. please silencer turnoff yourself owns or cell phones or other electronics he may have with you. we have some nice bright lights in here this evening because our friends at c-span are filming tonight's program. i ask when you go to the q and a portion of the event that instead of raising hand and asking a question that we make a line and go to the microphone. so to our valued members who make this year possible, thanks and warm welcome. to those of you who might be joining us for the first time tonight, and equally warm welcome. i encourage you to check out

that continued through world war i and world war ii. from about the beginning of world war i onward, the primary source of income was government contracts for munitions. a lot of the american ironworks converted to steel. tredegar never did. anderson never showed any interest in converting. when his successors thought of installing steel furnaces, there was either an economic plan or something happened to curtail their plans. as the 20th century advanced, tredegar became more and more obsolete. tredegar remained in operation largely producing cart wheels and small iron implements until 1957. the albemarle paper manufacturing company bought the tredegar property, shut down tredegar operations. a lot of machinery went south of the james river and a , successor tredegar company was set up there that produced some iron and steel implements. in 1950 seven, after albemarle purchased the site, they shut down the entire property, but they did you some buildings for storage for their paper products. one of the tredegar offices was used for resea

in 2006, the american civil war he 1861 gun foundry.ivate museum that looks at the civil war from the perspective of union,e1 confederacy and african-americans. i think it has a significant legacy in a lot of ways, owing propelled the confederacy to a lot of its victories. it was also the chief employer in the area, so it was for a number of years,u part ofw3 its exi"dñ and it was the -- one ofxd the primary engines of industry in the city. tredegar has a history legacy going from industrial industry to the present.ñr >>> watch c-span as pres!9q donald trump delivers his first address to a joint session of congress. >> this congress is going to é% the busiest congress we had had in decades. >>lp,$ve tuwsfay, february 28th at 9:00 p.m. eastern, on c-span and c-span.org. and listen live on thelp free c-span radioq app. >> you're watching american jistory tv,çó all weekend, ever weekend, onxd c-span3. to join the conversation, like history.Ñiçó >> 50 years ago on january 27th, 1967, a flash fire during launch rehearsal of apollo 1 killed a

once the cold war started after world war ii things changed. by the late 1940's, harry truman was under pressure to accuse him of being soft on communism and to rebuff those charges he wanted to make the example of the communists. the only question was what law would he use and with the urging of hoover they settled on the smith act. truman would not have found a less sympathetic group of defendants at the time. you hear about people erroneously believed to have communists sympathy and these 11 were proud leaders of the communist party and fit the stereotype that the average american had of an economist to a t. one of the leaders of the party was charged multiple times, went into hiding. he had lived in the soviet unit twice and traveled the world. he and his wife had to leave their son in the country because the russian government said he only speaks russian and he will seem too suspicious if you take him back to america. not an ex extremely seympatheti group of people. there was no evidence of this group of people plotting to overthrow the go

-- their personal war experiences. we came, we saw, we beat the germans. two things that were four and five pages long, there is detailed -- very detailed descriptions. when i put the blog together, they were a few that were very indicative. i would like to read two of them now. this first one was written by an nknown soldier in company l of the 141st infantry. he said i was soon on the battlefield after hiking. the first thing i saw was a german skull. a stick stuck in the ground and a head on top of it. a camel cigarette was in his mouth. that is a startling introduction o war. the second one was written by william jan:loff -- william laffe. he said i am in a constant stream of german soldiers. one mp i was walking with had to prisoners. we had not gone far until a rolling kitchen came along and all we could find was the german fficers with one bootable of lake and a head. -- bootfull of leg. and a head. after the americans saw battle, paticularly sammy l, they started capturing german prisoners. i thought this pictu

the principal advisor would be convicted as a war criminal at the war crimes trials. and he was still in prison when japan regained its sovereignty in 1952. at that time, he passed on his view, roughly what he first expressed in 1945, that the emperor should retire or abdicate, and act that would be viewed as an acceptance of war responsibility. the japanese prime minister rejected that view and hirohito did not oblige. the disposition of the emperor was an issue to the american public, the government, as well as allied nations. in a gallup poll in 1945, 77% of the american people wanted hirohito severely punished. there is a resolution introduced in the u.s. senate that called for his trial as a war criminal. in the autumn of 1945, the state war and navy coordinating commission remained split between those who wished to use the emperor to further documentation -- the occupation hauled and those who wish to see them tried as a war criminal. numerous allied nations produced statements demanding the ever be tried as a war criminal. macarthur had carried with him to japa

this is just war.crazy think things happen in war all the time. >> in the writing process itself were there cages in which it hard? you are talking about personal matters. was there strategies you used? >> all i tried to do with the book is break it down to the bear bones. it is a short book and quick read. i try to get rid of any fluff or anything that wasn't part of that raw feeling i was looking for. i wanted a quick book that was punch the gut and you can read in one weekend and feel something. i didn't want this -- i yus wanted something raw. >> my name is ivy. i am 40. i do a little work with the homeless and i was homeless a little bit. i help people with ptsd and war injury and all that kind of stuff. when you started talking about the suicides you sound hilarious. you have funny stories. but i think what you have been skipping, at least listening, is you were very young when you came back and i was a little suicidal in my 20s and i cannot hold on to why it was. you seem to be more recent. can

wars through ms. go miscalculation, events spiraling out-of-control, or could have happened during the cuban missile crisis. the straightforward use of nuclear weapons as they are intended is not the greatest risk. how to combat that? small way is my writing nuclear history and trying to get some secrets out so good luck knows the danger more fully. or here lies historical memoirs. instead of i love working with nuclear history project at the wilson center. and my work at the national security archive. i'm a historian. that is my way of fighting, showing the danger, getting the stories out and getting people who have second thoughts in these governments and have said so simulate to the public. the last question about having documents going forward. it is going to be a challenge, but historians, it is always a challenge. they are fighters. we know how to fight the department of justice to get documents out. we know how to get mdr requests. people who work in the archives are driven by getting documents

americans could never have won the war without france and france would never have fought the war without spain. what i hope all of you take away from this is the following: the united states did not achieve independence by itself. it was born as the center piece of working together to defeat a common advirsary. it continues today to define the united states as the in indepensable nation. thank you. [applause] >> question number one. can you say something about the debt that france went into? and my second question: where is russia in all of this and catherine the great? i do remember reading that she was not a fan of george the iii but if you had any comments about catherine's role in what her views were i would be appreciative. >> certainly. i do discuss both in the book. the first question is about the debt of france after the war. the short answer was that it was in debt but it had seen that level of debt before. it was not crushing in the way it is sometimes portrayed. just to give you some background, after the seven-years war, all the countries, britain and france were heavily in d

i can understand not supporting a war but the vietnam war was what it is in the iraq war was what itis so i can understand but for people to not remember nice that you're willing to give up your life and went over and did this and now it's 2000 whatever and the first person to say that, a dozen people. the other end of this is you go back to one of those dating classes. i took one of those dating classes and it was a really good when where you work on those inner games. there was one scenewhere one of these exercises their worst this big guy and we are doing this and turn all meditation exercise and this really dig guy had this breakthrough where he just realized something about himself, something about life in these having this really big breakthrough in the starts crying. it's one of those cathartic cries that full body cathartic cry. he just realized something about his life and he's having this perfect rate. right in the middle of his cry in his cathartic moment one of the other guys from the course walks in and says awesome breakthrough, high five dude. he's right in the middle

i and world war ii. from about the beginning of world war i onward their primary source of income for government contracts for mediations. by that time a lot of the american iron and steel industry converted to steal. tredegar never did. joseph anderson never showed an interest in converting to steal. when they talk about installing steel furnaces, there was either an economic panic or something happen to curtail the plants. as the century, progressed tredegar became more and more obsolete has a lot of industries were using steel and iron was a shrinking market. tredegar remain in operation greasing the wheels and implements until 1957. the albemarle paper manufacturing corporation that owns several paper mills around the site bought the tredegar property, shut down the operations. a lot of the machinery -- richmond,back live in virginia for the continuation of the symposium on civil war monuments. >> we have a museum professional. anistorian and lawyer, english professor and clergyman, and archivist and

. >> the civil war. naval historian craig simon and a history professor talk about the meeting twenal generals william sherman and joseph johnston to discuss the future of union army at the end of the civil war. the april, 1865 meeting happened just two days after president lincoln's assassination and a week after robert e. lee's surrender at appomattox. his talk was part of the annual lincoln symposium and is just under an hour. >> what a perfect introduction. thank you. that's great. john and i are delighted to be back here at the lincoln forum. those of you who know us even a little bit will not be surprise today hear last night we had an opportunity to get together and consume some wine. and in the midst of that conversation, fueled by wine we were talking about how we were th terribly jealous of ron chernow whose biography of hamilton inspired a very lucrative musical on broadway. so we thought how appropriate it would be to have joseph e. johnston the musical. [laughter] >> or william t. sherman th