them segregated. i think this is the eighth-largest bankruptcy in u.s. history. correct me if i'm wrong, the first time segregated funds have been so violated, so to speak. i'm probably get back around to corker's question because i think it's a good one and i'm not sure there's an answer to it but we'll probably do it anyway. thank you all for testifying, i very much appreciate your time today. mr. free, you've got an incredible resume, one i'm sure you're proud of, one that is very, very good. going back to the question the chairman asked, the very first question, where he did talk about bonuses. i just want to clarify. because in your statement today, you said bonuses are not part of consideration now or in the past. i thought you told the chairman, nor in the future. is that correct? >> i did, sir. >> thank you. and the questions asked kind of add some credence to this. you said there's about 15 employees you have hired, plus correct me if i'm wrong, plus three senior execs, is that correct? >> ye

m f g i held all customer funds required by law to be segregated and all segregation calculations were performed by experienced personnel in chicago overseen by finance professionals. to my understanding and fbi segregation of client funds had been reviewed repeatedly by firms outside auditors and regulators over a longer period of time. as a general matter i was not involved in details of segregated funds. in the course of my duties as global cfo nor were the complex segregation calculations performed by mfgi in chicago and reported to regulators on a daily basis. the week prior to the bankruptcy filing saw among other things multiple rating agency downgrades in quick succession. extraordinary liquidity stresses and effort to sell all or a part of the firm. with a time of constant pressure and little or no sleep with significant number of critical issues to resolve. as the cfo of the holding company my attention was focused on crisis management and strategic issues relating to the sale of the company. on october 24th, 2011, moody's announced it was downgrading mf global credit rating

they should be segregated? >> we get segregated reports from mf global, as we were getting them all along on a daily basis since they were acquired. they were on a daily seg report voluntarily anyway. we were getting these reports on a daily basis through a day lag and you've got to time them over several day periods. these are some of the things we do to have authorities to make sure they're in compliance. if they go out of compliance of segregation it's a violation of cme's rules and cftc's rules. >> were some of those reports you were getting, as you look back, were they misleading or were they a little more than that? or what? >> the latter, sir. they were a little more than that. we were told on one report given to us on a thursday that they had $200 million in excess seg, after they had announced that the money was missing on sunday evening. >> was that true? >> it was then true, that they gave us the right report saying there was 200 deficit. they gave it to us the following monday. from the prior thursd

two, additional surprise reviews of customer segregated accounts. three, a requirement that the fcms, ceo, cfo sign all payouts of customer segregated funds plus immediate notification to cme and four, a bi monthly report reflecting how segregated funds are invested and where they are held. cme has challenged the industry and commission to consider whether solutions will better serve the interest of customers and the industry. in addition to the proposed amendment of the bankruptcy code, cmes working with the clearing members to find a structure that will protect their collateral against fellow customer and fraud risks. we are committed to finding the solution that will provide strong protection for the -- segregated funds. from a legal operational cost benefit. without destroying the industry business model. in addition to the regulatory initiatives we also recently launched cme, group. this fund is designed to protect family farmers, family ranchers and cooperatives in the event of short falls and segregated funds. we hope these steps will give co

co-mingle termed called segregated accounts. it's the opposite of segregated.co-mingled, and under that responsibility from everything i read, how could you possibility know whose money is whose in a co-ming led account? >> the obligation to keep a minimum of client money in the account belongs to the fcm. they have the obligation to figure out what money is theres and what belongs to clients. >> it's a clarity. >> it would be mf global. >> that's what i thought. no way in the world if you knew they had an account of $100 or a $100 billion how much is customer money and how much is not customer money. >> that's correct. we would not have the information. >> you kind of have to trust the other guys? >> well, we know that they have a legal obligation to comply with the rules and they are regulated entities. >> okay. mr. roth, i will tell you that i've read your statement. i like some of the things you propose. i want to congratulate you for that. i guess i first ask because you're trying to address this very issue. i'll go further in a minute, but at least for th

there should be segregated -- >> we get segregated reports. we get them on a daily basis since they were acquired. it was voluntary. we were getting these reports on a daily basis. you had to time them out over several days. these are some of the things we do to make sure they are in compliance. if they go out of compliance, it is in violation of our rules. >> were some of those reports misleading? with a more than that or what? >> they were a little more than that. we were told on one report that they had two hundred million dollars in excess after they had announced that the money was missing on sunday. >> was that truth? >> they then give us the right to report the following monday. -- they then gave us the right reported the following monday. >> that is misleading at you. the question to you. >> although we have never had the situation in the past, if we were ever in a situation where we believed a company was in a situation where they could not meet their obligations, the commission could seek legal action to of a receiver appointed. >> i

some restriction as but how segregation should be mandated for u.s. investors overseas is a key one from the point of view of chapter 11 trustee. i would emphasize that. thank you very much. >> thank you. good morning, chairman johnson, ranking member shelby and members of the committee. thank you for inviting me to discuss the collapse of mf global, and policy implications. on november 9, 2011, the commission voted to make me senior commissioner with respect to mf global matters. this authorizes me to exercise the executive and administrative functions of the commission solely with respect to the pending enforcement investigation, the bankruptcy proceedings and other actions to locate or recover customer funds or determine the reasons for the shortfall in the customer accounts. while i am happy to be here today to testify the scope of my election as senior commissioner for mf global matters does not extend to the marketwide policy implications arising from mf global's failure. chairman gensler remains in charge of directing commission staff to develo

. >> we have one coming off the bus going straight to segregation. that would be inmate timothy schreiber. >> timothy schreiber has transferred here from another state prison. unlike most new arrivals, he is sent immediately to administrative segregation, a 23-hour a day lockup unit for disruptive inmates. >> oh, i get the room with a view, huh? >> at the facility that he was housed at just prior coming to limon, he was found with a weapon, a homemade knife, so he did have some charges that were pending and, as a result, he just went straight into our segregation unit. >> msnbc, any time you need me i'll be here. >> we did learn that schreiber did like to talk. not only to our crew -- >> these people are threatening my very life -- >> he also had a lot to say to the correctional staff helping us set up for the interview. >> i'm sure you just stick that key in there and turn. it's not all that complicated, ma'am. >> oh, my. >> right now i'm really in fear for my life. >> are you ready to go? >> i'm not talking to you. i'm talking to the press right no

the alternative calculation would have required a greater segregation. the calculation should be eliminated. finally i believe there's a great need for international cooperation on insolvency laws. customers would benefit from rules with funds for both commodities and securities customers. i've been engaged in active discussions since november with administrators of mfk global limited concerning a return of approximately 700 million of commodities customer properties. thises is being submitted to the uk courts for resolution. we have distributed in excess of $4 billion. thank you for this opportunity to testify before you. >> thank you. >> thank you very much. good morning. thank you for the opportunity to appear here. you have my opening statement. i want to leave time for you. i want pointed as the chapter 11 trustee effective november 28th of last year. can you addictions to mf global holdings. five other subsidiaries to which i am acting as the chapter 11 trustee. i think everyone understands the functions of the chapter 11 trustee. very distinct and

the first time segregated funds have been violated. i will probably get back around because its question, is a good one. mr. freeh. i want to thank all of you for testifying. you have an incredible rÉsume a, one that i'm sure you're proud of. going back to the question the chairman asked, the first question where he did talk about bonuses, i want to clarify because in your statement today said bonuses are not part of consideration now or in the past. i thought you told the chairman nor in the future. is that correct? >> i did, sir. >> thank you. the question has been asked -- you said there are about 15 employees you have hired, plus three the senior executives carrot >> yes, sir. the 15 employees remain. they were pre petitioned operators. they run tax activities. they are the worker bees. >> not folks that would be part of the problem? >> we do not know. we are not considering them insiders. we are considering them employees. >> how about the three senior executives? would they be considered insiders? >> yes. >> so in the previous qu

in the area of protection of customer segregated accounts, commissioner sommers and mr. duffy, both of your organizations, as i understand it, had staff on-site at mf global chicago offices the weekend before the firm's bankruptcy filing. what steps did your agency, i'll start with you, commissioner sommers, take to protect customer assets prior to learning that customer assets were missing? and what date and time did staff in your agencies first learn that there was a possible or probable shortfall in the customer segregated accounts? and after you learned of the missing customer assets, what specific steps did each of your agencies take to ensure that customer funds were not improperly transferred over the weekend? that seems when there was more than a little mischief done. commissioner sommers, you first. >> so the first question with regard to what our staff was doing, although the commission and the dsro receives daily segregation reports, those reports only list the amount of money that the fcm owes to customers. what their obligation would be there. our staff was

they should be segregated? >> we get segregated reports from mf global, as he got them from a daily basis since they were acquired. they work on a daily segregated report anyway. we were getting these reports on a daily basis, and you got a time out over several days. these were things we do to make sure they are in compliance. if they go out in compliance, in a violation of the cftc -- >> some of those reports, as you look back, or they misleading? a little more than that or what? >> >> a little more than that. we were told in one report that they had $200 billion in excess after they had announced that the money was missing on sunday evening -- >> is that true? >> they then get us the report on monday. the reports were inaccurate. >> that is misleading you, right? , very misleading. sommers?ssioner com >> although we have never had this type of situation in the past, but if we were in a situation where we believe a company was in a situation where they could not meet their obligation, the commission could see

whether anyone suspected there was a shortfall in segregation, i don't know that. but i do know that because of downgrading and rating and losses, many of the large -- >> people were leaving the ship? >> absolutely. >> okay. your written testimony, mr. giddens, provides an overview of large cash movements at mf global during october 2011. were there any large transfers -- you talked about some others, alluded to them -- from mf global's customer segregated accounts to the firm's own accounts while multiple regulators were on-site at mf global starting on october the 27th? >> the answer is yes, there were billions of transfers in and out of the firm and from the various accounts. >> and the regulators were on-site there? >> yes, sir. >> okay. were there any subsequent large transfers out of mf global's own accounts to pay counter parties? >> certainly during the period of october 27 through october 31st, yes. >> okay. mr. giddens, you recently announced that you would pursue litigation in the united kingdom to recover approximately $700 million of customer funds. wh

funds and keep them segregated. i think this is the 8th largest bankruptcy in u.s. history, and correct me if i'm wrong, the first time segregated funds have been violated so to speak. i'll probably get back around to corker's question because i think it's a good one, and i don't know that there's an answer to it, but we'll probably do it any way. mr. freeh, first of all, thank you to everybody who testified here today. mr. freeh, you have an outstanding resumÉ, and back to the first question talking about bonuses, and i just want to clarify because in your statement today, you said bonuses are not part of consideration now or in the past. i thought you told the chairman nor in the future; is that correct? >> i did, sir. >> well, thank you. the questions asked add credence to this. you said there's 50 employees you have hired, and plus three senior executives; is that correct? >> yes, sir. the 15 employees remain. they will pre-petition operations. they run tax activities, and, you know, they're the worker bees so t

resources and responsibility why do people segregate illegally segregation is a legal term they segregate because they want to keep our resources and responsibility away from a certain group of people we've been through this year you're a history buff you know that after the civil war we had a reconstruction period you know what went on only during the reconstruction period and afterwards we saw tremendous violence remember the client was gone because people had the power to vote and the resources. to be equal or at least to china equalize their existence in this country we had tremendous violence in southern states then you had people taking away those powers and coming out with a law which we know where the black holes now that lasted for fifty plus years the modern civil rights movement comes along and brown versus board of education eliminated the juror segregation but remember. yes technically speaking but remember now what happened in the state of the commonwealth of virginia most people remember this instead of complying with the supreme court decision but it will count on whether

he's remembered for courageously challenging segregation and racial discrimination. he fought for blacks to have the right to eat in the house restaurant rather than confined to a separate facility. next to the kitchen in the basement of the house. he fought for the reduction of the number of seats in the house for states that disfranchised blacks. just as congressman white had done. he fought to honor and assist former slaves who were 75 years and older by giving them a federal pension. he fought to authorize federal courts to change the location of a trial of a defendant's right to impartiality was at risk due to matters of race, color or creed as in the scottsboro case. he risked his life speaking ardently all over the country, including the south, to make states and counties responsible for the prevention of lynching. yet even in his home state of illinois, he found himself being burned in effigy by the kkk. and when newspaper headlines and editorials all over the country mocked the attendance of his wife at the white house for a tea at the invitation of the nati

there was the juror segregation this is segregation by law. wants to keep people from getting what dr king used to call. resources responsibility. people are starting what is integration it's the sharing of power. resources and responsibility why do people segregate illegally segregation is a legal term they segregate because they want to keep our resources and responsibility away from a certain group of people we've been through this you're a history but you know that after the civil war we had the reconstruction period you know what went on immediately during the reconstruction period and afterwards we saw tremendous violence remember the client was not sure because people had the power to well and the resources to to to to be equal or at least to china equalize their existence in this country we had tremendous violence in southern states then you had people taking away goals powers and coming up with laws which we know where the black holes are now that lasted for fifty plus years though not in civil rights movement comes along and brown ve

sanctions imposed is 20 days punitive segregation. to give you credit for the three days you served and probate the remaining 17 until march the 11th. okay? >> how do you feel about the result? >> i disagree. i think i've put down substantial grounds for an appeal so that i think i may possibly win in that. >>> coming up -- >> i'm just despondent. i'm just about to give up on everything. >> the crackdown at limon could be causing one inmate to crack up. >> i have one photograph of the young man that was taken from this man's segregation cell. please, be quiet for just a moment. everything that i've gained in life has been because of the teachers and the education that i had. they're just part of who i am. she convinced me that there was no limit to what we could learn. i don't think i'd be here today had i not had a wonderful science teacher. a teacher can make a huge difference in a child's life. he would never give up on any of us. thank you dr. newfield. you had a big impact on me. when you pour chunky beef with country vegetables

sanctions imposed is 20 days punitive segregation.'m going to give you credit for the three days you served and probate the remaining 17 until march the 11th. okay? >> how do you feel about the results? >> i disagree. i think i've put down substantial grounds for an appeal so that i think i may possibly win in that. >>> coming up -- >> i'm just despondent. i'm just about to give up on everything. >> the crackdown at limon could be causing one inmate to crack up. >> i have one photograph of the young man that was taken from this man's segregation cell. >> i'd like to point out -- >> please be quiet at this moment. or e-conomical. [ chuckling ] or ec-onomical. pa-tato, po-tato, huh? actually, it's to-mato, ta-mato. oh, that's right. [ laughs ] [ car door shuts ] [ male announcer ] visit your local chevy dealer today. now very well qualified lessees can get a 2012 chevy cruze ls for around $159 per month. e.p.a. estimated 36 miles per gallon highway. [ male announcer ] 1 in 6. that's how many struggle with hunger in america. ♪ but what i

it's a jail within a jail, segregation. this kind of stuff is what took my parole. you know, stupidity, stupid stuff. i'm guilty of it, i guess. >> i started meeting ms. culbertson in december. so, within that time, i met her maybe once a month since then. >> see this lady? fear her. >> and how you pleaded on your disrespect? >> not guilty. >> so, what are you saying, you didn't have your arm around her at all? >> no. >> okay. >> well, yes, i did. not at the time that all this -- in the beginning i did. then i moved over a seat so there was an empty chair on each side of me. so nothing could be said. >> the officer who witnessed the scene was called to testify. >> can you hear me? >> yes, ma'am. >> i'm here in culbertson's disciplinary concerning disrespect that was written up when they was in the chapel. >> yes, ma'am. >> can you give me some information on it? >> i was down in the chapel and i was sitting on the other side of the church. the lady was up preaching or whatever, talking or doing whatever she does, and she pointed them out, saying that she's not going

we were in ad seg, administrative segregation, the prison within a prison. we started hearing inmates screaming out things and i started to hear them talking about cho-mos, which are sex offenders and then mayhem erupted. [ bleep ] >> i believe he threw a liquid substance under the door that smelled somewhat suspicious and we're going to report that. >> jonathan hall, serving 40 years for murder, was one of the first inmates to make it clear we weren't welcome in administrative segregation. >> unless he does calm down and follow our rules and orders, he'll be cell extracted. >> inmate hall won't calm down. so they call in the special response team. and they suit up in their gear. in these situations, when we want to film it, they always have us suit up as well. >> if he doesn't comply at that point, we'll introduce o.c. >> you got it? >> uh-huh. >> inmate hall, come to the door and cuff up. if you do not cuff up, we will introduce chemical agents. are you going to comply? >> introduce o.c. >> hall has covered his food port and window with a mattress. but the

a 23-hour-a-day cell for inmates who violate rules. >> i was taking him to north segregation to lock him up in the seg unit. >> when the inmate turns on him, morgan tightens his grip. but the situation would soon get much more intense. >> that is when he tried to pull away from him and turn around on me. >> he is grabbing on me. >> that is when i tried to secure him to the ground until i could get more security help. >> no, no, no. >> i'm going to walk. >> those particular charges that i charged the inmate with were insolence, disobeying a direct order and he tried to spit on me and turn around on me, and this inmate will go to an adjustment hearing which is a panel of hearing officers and he will plead his case against my disciplinary report they give him, and they will do whatever is just. >> while this inmate received an extended term in segregation, combative inmates always risk suffering physical consequences, as well. wherever inmates congregate, common areas and cell blocks and the yard or the cafeteria, there is usually an overhead post manned by armed correctional officers.

by legal segregation, your understanding of yourself is broad, okay? so there i am, i've learned how to read, and i'm in the grocery store and there are two water fountains and one says "for colored," and the other one says, "for whites only." well, i was always a curious child-- most inquisitive aut life and things. i always wanted to know, you know, where things came from and what they were and why. and i looked and i would read... i would read that sign. i would look at that sign and i would look at that sign and i said, "now, why... why is that like that?" >> hinojosa: did you know white? did you understand that was for white people? >> i was beginning to understand it. i was beginning to understand it, but i wanted to know why. i mean, you know, i understood that that was going on. by this time, i understood what was going on, but i didn't quite understand why because it never made sense, you know? it sti doesn't make sense, okay? >> hinojosa: right, right. >> so i decided, "i'm going to go over there and i'm going to taste that water." >> hinojos

[laughter] segregation is killing black people.t big fight, brown versus the board of education so all the black kids can get an education. [inaudible] the books have pages missing, and they all have things written inside of them. at the main library, we have a demonstration going on. [inaudible] how come we cannot use that facility? they cannot even get a good job and fair pay. men, they come up missing. rape -- they do not want to talk about that, but if it is a white woman, it is on the news, on the radio, on television. i do not want to die like that. so i'm going to stay black and die. if i could do one thing -- >> i told you, you need to move on. do i need to get the police?" >> sir, i picked -- "sir, i paid my fare. it is my constitutional right." the driver gets off the bus. police officers come. they are at the back door. "i had trouble with this girl before." "the two of you need to get up. you know it is against the law." open " i paid my fair -- "i paid my fare. if i move now, i will get sick. i'm pregnant." there is a

that's why they've been placed in administrative segregation.aulted inmates and they've assaulted staff. >> there are more than 900 correctional officers at san quentin state prison, nearly 200 of whom are women. officer mannix is one of them. >> hi, miss mannix. >> hey. >> i'll see what i can do and let them know that you're still here. >> okay. >> all right? >> all right. >> being a correctional officer, i'm at work and that's full time when i'm there. when i'm home, i'm a full time mom. >> here, john, you want to help out. >> it's been 12, 13 years. she's had a couple of minor incidents, but for the most part, you know, it's a job. >> i thought only guys were prison guards for the longest time. then my mom said, yep, i'm working at san quentin. i'm like, really? i thought that was only a guy thing. >> i have to go upstairs and change. >> okay. >> i'm proud of her. that's basically it. >> she does good at whatever she does. i respect what she does because it takes a strong woman to do that. >> not everyone gets it. i think honestly, a lot of p

often cast a dark and uggy huea& ///nat geerge wallace/// segregation nowa& segregation tommw seggegation 4-ever!" ///vo/// but as slooly decayinga&////sot/// dh 7;15:24in::black people werent allowed in stadiumsa they cleaning the floorsa nothing" ///vo/// at the time, darryl hill was busy catching passes from a young roger ptaubach at the naval academy. hill was the midshipmen's first afriian american footbal player. the receiver, halfback and special teams star haa little time to notice the turbulence of the jii crow sootha until he got a phonecall from asst university of md football coach lee corsoa///sot///dh 7:08:02 he said we'd like you to connider playiig football for the terps ///sot///lee corso bite from is a guy who as perfect out::to do this position" ///sot///dh 7:08:21-- my response was hey lee, im not trying to be jackie robinson" ///vo/// marrland'' atlantii coast conference rivals were in the segregated south. still in 1963, darryl hill transfered frrm annapoliss to college parka and became the irst black college football player to enter the hostile collesums of tte south

he also talked about segregation in the north. he talked about the fact in the north many public facilities were closed to black people or they had to sit in the back or sit in the special section. believe it or not, segregation started in the early 19th century north. it spread to the south, but it is a creation of the north. hotels are segregated and most hotels are closed to black people. state of massachusetts, which was one of the few states that allowed black people to vote, nevertheless, did not allow black children to go to public schools. four states in the midwest did not allow black people to own property. ohio, indiana, illinois and michigan. douglass is very outspoken about the prejudice that he witnesses and experiences as a free man in the north. in the 1850s, he began to change his mind about the methods of abolition. up until that time, he and others were hoping that they could change public opinion. they could persuade people. in the 1850s, he thinks violence may be necessary. maybe that is the way to end slavery

hey, can you go down and pick up inmate holloman for me out of segregation? bring him to my office. we're probably unique in how we deal with the gangs out here. we've accepted the fact that there are going to be gangs and there's nothing we can do about it, so we try to control, you know, what they do. and we use the leaders a lot to control that. most of our leaders here have done a lot of time in our maximum security facility. they don't want to go back. and we hold that over their head. we tell them to keep their people in line or they're the first ones that are going to go down, because we know how gangs work. we know this gang member isn't going to do anything unless he's got it cleared to the top. come on in, have a seat. so you want to give me your story? >> well, i mean, to be honest, i don't really have one. i mean, i feel like this dude is just trying to get out of trouble. he knows who i am and i go under the bus every time. >> who was the other guy? >> wright. >> the other one that got him -- >> yeah. >> was he doing something to him? >> no, i mean, maybe. i mean, every

quote, if we allow segregation constitutional rights under the dome of the capital, where in god's name would we get them?" he said later on, if we allow this challenge to go without correcting it, it will set an example where people will say congress itself approves of segregation. he had a resolution which was to say the least hostile towards any kind of civil rights initiative in this country, let alone in congress. what he did, in fact, was kept the measure alive using a parliamentary procedure. he collected 145 member signatures on a discharge petition to bring the legislation to the floor for a vote. the house, in fact, voted in favor of de priest's call for an investigation by an investigate ory committee but unfortunately, the panel created -- that created the state policy of segregation split along party lines, three democrats and two republicans. and they refused to recommend any revisions. so in effect, the house officially kept the dining room segregated and there it died after that. i want to talk momentarily about the day he was sworn in to congress. after the swearing in

believe it or not, segregation started in the early 19th century north and later spreads to the south after the civil war, but it is a creation of the early 19th century north. hotels are segregated and restaurants and most universities are closed to black people and many public schools are closed to black people. for example, the state of massachusetts which is one of the few states that allowed black people to vote nevertheless did not allow black children to go to public schools. four states in the midwest did not allow black people to own property. ohio, indiana, illinois, and michigan. douglass is very outspoken about the prejudice that he witnessed and experiences as a free man in the north. in the 1850s he began to change his mind about the methods of abolition. up until that time he like garrison and many others was hoping they could change public opinion and persuade people. in the 1850s he begins to think maybe violence might be necessary, you know. maybe that's the way to finally end slavery. in 1860 he supports abraham lincoln, not with tremendous enthusiasm. lincoln was n

depriest resided in segregated communities in both chicago and the nation's capital. their home in chicago was located at 4536 up through 4356 south parkway which is now known as martin luther king drive. although they owned the entire complex, they occupied the second floor of the three story building from 1929 up until their deaths in 1961. the home that the depriests purchased in washington, d.c. at 419 u street northwest was located in an exclusively black neighborhood. known as ladroit park. they bought their home from mrs. susan brown, who was a widow. she and her former husband had owned the home since at least 1910. while living at 419 u street, hiram worked as an elevator operator at the post office and susan was a telephone operator. it's interesting to note the difference in the types of employment for blacks who were living on the 400 block of ledroit park in 1910 versus the positions blacks held in 1929 when the de priests joined the community. when the depriests arrived, they joined a number of other prominent black families such as dr. wilkinson who liv

they were segregated institutions, but they were segregated institutions that had been created with the big push from african-americans to achieve goals that they very much wanted to achieve. their goals were being met by these institutions. >> one of the prairie goals of the civil-rights movement was racial integration. racial integration not only of schools, but also a public facilities like restaurants and hotels and other places. really get started in the military. the 1940's with president germans the executive order in the implementation of that with the different services. so really i think the integration of the armed forces beginning in 1949 with the air force and with the other services shortly after helped pave the way for the integration of american society because once the military was integrated it was easier for these veterans when they went back into regular society to push for the integration of the rest of american society. so acting that is one of the connections between what the tuskegee airmen did and what happened as a result of their efforts. and i should mention,

places to segregate everybody and keep them from assaulting each other. and if you get one group that has superior numbers over the other and something sparks off a fight, it's going to be on. >> officials at the los angeles county jail told us racially segregated gangs are responsible for most of the violence including riots, like this one captured on surveillance tape. but we met one inmate who blames the problem on the system. >> i never wanted to get involved in racial problems. when i went to prison, i didn't hate blacks. i didn't hate mexicans. i didn't hate indians. i didn't hate anybody like that. but when you go to these prisons and by the time you do ten years like me, if you're even halfway sane, it's a miracle. >> vanjlis garafolo was awaiting trial for the attempted murder of five police officers while on parole for an earlier conviction of voluntary manslaughter. >> the date i met vanjlis garafolo it was like meeting hannibal lecter with shackles. i saw his feet first and i kind of looked up i saw all the tattoos. this guy was huge, 6'3", pr