both would take the soviet union to its glorious future. think even at this time of the 1960's soviet cosmic enthusiasm was already having a kind of small version of what i think of as looking at the past. this has an important function creating an origins narrative, a prehistory or childhood, with appropriate father figures like konstatin, the founding -- it also had its own adolescent trauma. this unlimited contingency from the story and gave cosmic enthusiasm a forward motion geared toward a singular goal the conflicted the utopia socialism with spaceflight. the past was as important as the future since the past gave the program form and narrative structure but also produced dead heroes. their lives could be molded into being useful for thing about the future. i believe the bundling of the past and future simultaneously was seated in the space culture during the era of gagarin. many citizens were bursting with optimism for the cosmos but later in the 1970's the popular fascination with space achievements began to wane. these threads of th

what is rather interesting about the first time the soviet union on terms of the nuclear capabilities to the united states of america. >> there was a missile gap between the united states and the soviet union the missile gap was there but not in favor of washington. and he wanted to deal with that and they don't have enough strategic, they had enough of range in that way in which the american puritans. that is one of the reasons why happened in 1962 and in 1956,. >> there was a nuclear imbalance in 1962 and christopher wanted to address it, do you think you have other motivations and about the defense of the cuban revolution which castro suddenly considered to be under threat in the united states and christoph as well. >> absolutely. i was trying to keep my answers written short it was an important part of the story. in concern that you most live by in the mission in the western hemisphere is adapted from the united states and after the bigger things that happened in april they believe it's a matter of time before he would put his act together and there would be an issue. if he convin

the soviet union -- i feel the narrative of the soviet union of the bolsheviks, that is the not the animal. that's why we have pom tettive authoritarianism like democracy, but it's not clear the history of no experience with democracy is going to say about the future. [inaudible] -- repression and -- i think what is important for me in think about the book was the role of history in defining contemporary theory. this is a fantastic book for someone like me, who want to learn about russia. thanks a lot for the invitation. >> thank you, vicki, for those insights and comments and questions. tim you have five minutes to respond to all these questions. i'll ask that you respond to the most difficult questions first. >> thanks a lot. first, really terrific set of comments. this is the first book panel that i've done, and it's really terrific to get these comments. some of which i anticipated in the writing and some that are new. let me start with keith's comment about why his discourse is so debased on russia and there is a lot of that debate lurking in the browns in the book and i don't really

special exhibition today here in berlin. men, women, and children, victims of the nazis war on the soviet union. 27000000 soviet citizens died. 14000000 of them were civilians. the opening ceremony of the special ed submission in berlin, german president, franklin sustained my a paid tribute to them. the daughter taking the weight on the german war against the soviet union was murderous barbarity. as difficult as we may find it, we must call this mind and then remembering this inferno absolute enmity and the act of dehumanizing the other in the long run visas and found on absolute remembering. this continues to be an obligation for us, germans and long life. and memorials before the world, when david and mamma, according to stein maia, germany has so too long, failed to recognize the many victims in the occupied east. that the nazis took almost $6000000.00 soviet prisoners of war over the course of 4 years. they were treated brutally, they were executed, our staff to death. more than 3000000 soviet prisoners of war died, making them one of the largest group of nazi victims. but in berlin, the o

murrow asked me question after question about the soviet union. about soviet youth, their religion, their education. did they have an apartment, what was it like with in-laws ? he wanted to know everything about the soviet union which was our principal adversary in the midst of the cold war. and after we spoke for three hours, he put his arm on my shoulder as we walked out. he said by the way, how would you like to work for cbs? it took me all of three seconds i think to say yes sir. i'll be here and that is the way he hired me and his description of them is so perfect because he did often look as if he carried the weight of the world on his shoulders and he probably felt that wayto . but he also felt that he had an obligation to convey reality. no matter how tough it might be to hear. and they will decide what it is that has to be done. our job as a reporter was simply to provide them with the information. they can then use the information as they choose. murrow took that very seriously. >> you mentioned he spoke german, you speak russian and are

of the you you said iran the border between iran and soviet union? well, i think one of the first things that has to happen is for stability has got to be in iran itself to establish a government that can speak as a government for iran and part of our problem in all these long 44 days has been the inability of anyone seemingly to speak for that nation to have a government now. i think that any country would want to help another if they really showed an intent to have a government that would abide by international law. and do what they could to help them in that regard, but until such a thing appears apparent there. i don't know that there's anything we can do. and now no i young lady mr. president if it's your intention to signal the world that this country will respond with swift retribution in cases of international terrorism in the future. why is it your policy not to retaliate against iran? but what good? just revenge due and what what? form, would that take? i i don't think revenge is worthy of us. on the other hand i don't think we act as if th

then he would pattern of government after that of the soviet union.f kennedy's bold new programs was the peace corps. here, he tells its purpose it hone words after signing the bill. i >> have today signed a executive order, providing the establishment of a peace corps on a temporary pilot basis. it's coal will be approved of trained men and women overseas by the united states government. wildes providence the two sons and organizations helped their urgent need to skilled man power. we will send americans abroad who are qualified to do a job. we're going to put particular emphasis on those men and women who have skills and teaching. i agriculture, an empowerment. i'm hopeful that it will be a source of satisfaction for americans and a contribution to world peace. >> kennedy implemented his plan to help foreign countries economically by naming george to administer a food for peace program. under his direction, the agriculture departments and tons upon tons of food to the nations who need your strength to remain independent and free. kennedy yearlong em

hysterically the soviet union— relationship. hysterically the soviet union was _ relationship. on the homicide and leadership still— israel on the homicide and leadership still needs - israel on the homicide and . leadership still needs hamas israel on the homicide and - leadership still needs hamas in moscow— leadership still needs hamas in moscow but— leadership still needs hamas in moscow but somebody - leadership still needs hamas in moscow but somebody who - leadership still needs hamas in. moscow but somebody who likes leadership still needs hamas in- moscow but somebody who likes to go after his— moscow but somebody who likes to go after his opponents _ moscow but somebody who likes to go after his opponents abroad _ moscow but somebody who likes to go after his opponents abroad and - moscow but somebody who likes to go after his opponents abroad and out. after his opponents abroad and out and putin— after his opponents abroad and out and putin has— after his opponents abroad and out and putin has this _ after his opponents abroad and out and putin has this institution -

against the soviet union or any other enemy if though was no other logical enemy just the soviet union. they did not want to start a antinuclear movement in the united states. people reacting badly to these horrific photographs. so not only do they banned the photographs to keep people from seeing them, they also censored any information about radiation. then she told the american public there is no radiation damage whatsoever. they died from the explosion i was just like a conventional weapon. in fact, truman even said it was like a big peace of artillery. will the problem with that is that it ignores the horrible damage number radiation. interestingly, ironically the soviet union also banned them. they're actually photographs admitted to russia. soviet union and japan had not been at war until this time. so the soviets had embassy in tokyo. some of these their way to japan. stalin was eagerly building his own nuclear program. he did not want to start any fear of nuclear war in his own country. so they also bailed. so these photographs were banned by the japanese, the united states an

he came in vowing to destroy the soviet union and came to a deal with the soviet union to dismantle large stockpiles of nuclear weapons. that is what a great president does is that they can adapt in these situations, but one of the things i wanted to ask you about, i have a comment before asking my question, but i am a historian myself. there is a long history. the reactionary right was opposed to the alliance with the soviet union. there is a lot of continuity to the present day from the 20th century reactionary rights. today, our contemporary republican party has been taken over by the reactionary right. when it comes to former president trump, who is not really an intelligent person, given his public statements, if we go off of his public statements, he does not strike me as someone very intelligent. one thing he has been very effective in doing is turning the republican party into the party of white grievance, which is very concerning to me because white people in this country, for the most part, control the wealth. they control the power positions, and when i look around my arkansas

we spoke for three hours, he asked me question after question about the soviet union, the soviet youthhe religion, their education when they got married and they had an apartment what was it like with in-laws he wanted to know everything about the soviet union which was our principal adversary in the midst of the cold war. after we spoke for three hours he put his arm on my shoulder as we walked out, he said by the way how would you like to work for cbs. it took me all of three seconds to say yes, sir, i will be here and that's the way that he hired the deep description's of him is so perfect and he did look as he carried the weight of the world on his shoulders and he probably felt that way too. but he felt that he had an obligation to convey reality, no matter how tough it might be to air to the american people and they will decide and what it is they have done. your job as a reporter to provide information they commend you to use information as they chose. >> you mentioned that dick spoke german and you speak russian and the russian studies as is your wife madalyn, tell us about the

president kennedy: i went to vienna to meet the leader of the soviet union, mr. khrushchev.ys, we met and sober and intense conversation. we shared full and frank views on the issues that now divide our two countries. i wanted to present our views to him directly, precisely, realistically, and with an opportunity for discussion and clarification. this was done. narrator: as president kennedy said in his report, this was not a summit meeting, but rather an informal exchange of use and a way of keeping open channels of communication between the united states and the soviet union. one topic of discussion was the serious situation in laos, of increasing concern to the people's of the world. the soviet union would have to show whether it supported a satisfactory settlement in laos, where communist-backed factions were continuing hostilities against the royal government. president kennedy reported a measure of agreement in vienna. president kennedy: both sides endorsed the concept of a neutral and independent laos, much in the manner of burma and cambodia. end of critical importan

so 30 years after the collapse of the soviet union for having this conversation and as i will explain it is a bit surprising to be having this conversation given the starting point of where russia was in 1991. is russia global power? most people would probably say no. i will try to convince you otherwise it is the policy of the united states not to recognize crimea as part of russia but part of the ukraine that defective it has become a part of russia business 2015 and effective mobilization on the part of the russian to fundamentally changing the facts on the ground and working with iran to work with assad in syria and 2016th us presidential election interference with the brexit referendum in $2,177,000,000 as she prepared for her bid for the presidency continuous buzzing of warships right up until now. with russian planes and in 2018 and 2019 the promotion of populism in eastern europe and beyond and most recently in 2020 the software hack russian hackers working for the russian government plant code into the software of this popularly used within the united states government and fo

so already here, the soviet union is crumbling. fusionism has more or less accomplished its purpose, and yet these bromides of liberalism, of liberalism, these notions that enlightenment liberalism, rationalism, is the conservative answer, kind of what george h. w. bush is getting at their in the new world speech. they start to take hold to the exclusion, perhaps, of the russell kirk, burkeian, traditionalist and more nationalist strand of thought. that happened. in response to the follow the soviet union, there were any number of conservative thinkers who said, it is time to readjust and get back to a slightly different conception of conservatism. of course, there was pat buchanan, ross perot to an extent. pat buchanan had the paleo -conservative movement, noted primarily for its strictness on immigration and trade. really isolationist-leading policy. he was the leader who was saying that it was time to readjust after the fall of the soviet union and get back to a more humbler, super-traditional form of conservatism. as my friend

this time it was the soviet union that needed his help. by now, 1920, the russian civil war was ending, and what had once been widespread hunger was now famine. hoover had taken a position in president warren c. harding's incoming cabinet providing him an opportunity to arrange relief for the united states. a series of humanitarian disasters had hit russia by 1921, including world war, civil war, revolution, the collection organization of agriculture, the persecution of wealthy peasants and a drought had intensified disastrous conditions. vladimir lenon knew that the fledgling communist movement needed food for the urban masses in order to lend legitimacy to the communist movement. any organization or idealogy that could not even feed its own people was doomed to failure. thus the communists constantly ravages the countryside, stealing grain from the royal pea the peasants. the peasants decided since the fields would be stolen, anyway, why plant it? so the fields remained few unplanted. few draft animals or pets remained because most were

and i think the reality of the soviet union and the bolsheviks that is why we cover these regimes but it's not clear the history of no experience to democracy is going to save. there's soviet repression and terror but what was absent for me in thinking about the book was the role of history and the contemporary theory but this is a fantastic book for those who want to learn about russia. thanks a lot for the invitation. >> thank you for the insights and comments and questions. according to the schedule you have five minutes to respond to all of these questions. i'm going to ask that you respond to the most difficult questions first. >> thanks a lot. terrific. this is the first panel. let me start with the comments about why the discourse is based on russia and there is a lot of that debate lurking in the background of the book and i don't really take it head-on and that was a conscious decision because i was afraid that would reinforce the kind of polarization and compel me into one camp or another. there's a lot of stuff for each side of the divide. they won't like it but learned

the 1984 the soviet union boycott of the olympic games in l.a. in response to the us government invasion of grenada. before certain this book i was well aware of how the nation fits receive their relations. this book exposes me to it a whole new -- as "soccer diplomacy" in itself. which is speaking to how nonstate actors like the ilc, it means in communication and the association. like the media, sponsors, and in particular competitions. that was an eye-opener for me. and i think that concept when it comes to "soccer diplomacy" early enablers to see. and people like jack could have an opportunity to influence the fortunes of bigger nations and soccer. until leverage of for interest in soccer. true "soccer diplomacy", we see how the entire world system in general and one system in particular can be turned on its head is the opportunity to influence the running of things the influence of decision-making, to influence who gets whatever political tournament, the big men's world cup competition. or the smaller world cup's and the like. this particular

and for that germany equates the soviet union too often with what is more than russia wasn't a russia alone. so is that going to change then what concrete actions is germany taking? well, it is baby steps of course and is like, i say the process did start off the gemini unification and high ranking politicians in germany have tried to stop by actually going to those places going to those prisoner of war camps. president stein my himself with foreign minister before he became president and in that position he was, for example, was the 1st german politician taxi commemorate the victims in bella. ruth, on the trip that and to the biggest concentration camp during soviet occupation that is located near min, scanned that history completely, risks to be forgotten. so time i kept going to those places. i went to vulgar grad as well, where he met with war veterans and germany, politicians. and i was saying in their speeches that it was part of the nazis official plan to kill the population in the east and get rid of entire nations that way. critical correspondent houses, i think, you know and

immediately after the war, he was a big far of the soviet union and of stalin. in a sense, they had kind of rescued the allied cause. they had sacrificed some for victory in world war ii. and he really resented the idea that our country would go to war with that ally. by about today which is the 75th anniversary of winston churchill's iron curtain speech, mauldin was beginning, by about the iron curtain speech, he was beginning to understand that the soviet union was a problem. and that their imperialism, their squelching of human rights, free speech, they couldn't be trusted. he kind of reluctantly became a moderate cold warrior burks he was never virulent anti-communist. as you can see from this cartoon, he disliked anti-communist very much like the house on american activities committee. he loved calling them the un-american committee for the investigation of activities. you can see the congressman says, where is that sign painter? there's actually -- mauldin put a nazi eagle underneath the writing on that door and the syndicate whited it out. >> you're an ex

this time it was the soviet union that needed his help. by now, 1920, the russian civil war was ending, and what had once been widespread hunger was now familiar in. hoover had taken a position in president warren g. harding's incoming cabinet, providing him the opportunity to arrange relief from the united states. a series of humanitarian disaster had hit russia by 1921, including world war, civil war, revolution, the collect viization of agriculture, the persecution of wealthy peasants or and a drought had intensifies disastrous conditions. vladimir lennonknew that the communist movement needed food for the urban masses in order to lend legitimacy to the communist movement. any organization or ideology that could not even feed its own people was doomed to failure, thus, the communist ravaged the country side, stealing grain, and transporting to the cities. the peasants decided that if tall of their grain was stolen anyway, why bother to plant it, so they left their fields unplanted. the peasants had even eaten the seed corn and few draft

. >> i went to vienna to meet the leader of the soviet union, mr. khrushchev. met in intense conversation. mr. gustav and i had -- mr. cruz jazz -- mr. mccain and i hadn't mr. krushchev and i had a major exchange of views. >> as president kennedy said in his report, this is not a summit meeting, but rather, and informal exchange of views and a way of keeping it open channels of communication -- keeping open channels of communication. one topic of discussion was the serious situation allows. the soviet union would have to show -- serious situation in laos, where communist backed factions were continuing hostilities against the royal government. president kennedy reported a measure of agreement in vienna. >> both sides embraced the concept of a neutral and independent mouse -- laos. critical important to the current conference on laos and geneva, both sides respected the importance of a cease-fire. >> president kennedy expressed desire for effective nuclear test controls and a disarmament agreement. >> in short, our hopes for and to nuclear tests and nuclear weap

here's a polyperal member in this old soviet union, and he was no democrat to be sure. he was a an authoritarian post-soviet leader. and he had a terrorism problem in his country. there was an islamic movement that was anti the government and and operated in that region. and there was a group that stormed a prison and released all the prisoners and and the government stepped in and put that down. when i met with president karimoff, he agreed to let us use his base. to put in our special forces people in afghanistan. he we operated there. he was cooperative. we had overflight rights. it was enormous advantage to deal with a landlocked country. we couldn't get in there from the sea. we had to have that kind of cooperation from somebody and particularly a country on the northern border of afghanistan. and he was catching the dickens from russia russia puts pressure on all those central asian countries. so does china and it makes their lives very difficult. so he stepped out and agreed to be of help. the united states with our non-governmental organizations and our human rig

and the soviet union really didn't have a very good onset of that. that has changed because now russia very good onset. i mean for instance, i mean, we talked about this roman protest. now roman brothers david was involved in instigating violence in the aftermath of the election in bel argument. instigating it while he was in poland with direct evidence that he was instigating it. he was in the, as all but out and whatever he was doing that that is a violent organisation. now, you mentioned junior his lunch. no, there's no evidence that all that he was involved in. any kind of, you know, there's nothing on it. he, you know, publish information and yet that's is happening in the u. k. the very same u. k, but lectures, others about media freedom. and then course you have the case of the, the capital riots where people, hundreds of people have been arrested that charge, that some of them are in prison without bail. they're in solitary confinement for war, for loitering, for trespassing. and the prosecution just gets to postpone again and again bringing

and for that germany equates the soviet union too often with what is modern. russia wasn't a russia alone. so is that going to change then what concrete actions is germany taking? well, it is baby steps of course and is like, i say the process did start off the gemini unification and high ranking politicians in germany have tried to stop by actually going to those places going to those prisoner of war camps. presidents time my himself with foreign minister before he became president and in that position he was, for example, was the 1st german politician taxi commemorate the victims in bella. ruth, on a trip that to the biggest concentration camp during soviet occupation that is located near min, scanned that history completely, risks to be forgotten. so time i kept going to those places. i went to vulgar, grabbed as well, where he met with war veterans and germany, politicians. and i was saying in their speech is that it was part of the nazis official plan to kill the population in the east and get rid of entire nations that way. political correspondent houses, i think, you know, portugal

and then the soviet union would talk, oh yeah. all right, well, we may not be great the political right, but we can all make a social right that you don't have. so you know, everyone, everyone has a job. everyone has a house. and so, you know, we care, but people go to the west dismissed that argument because more prosperous. but the so be going to say that, well, we do better at this than you do. but i mean, if you became of the west and a lot of fun with it in the days of that, this is the so when you have say yes, get done. yeah. and then you had of course also yes. and the song already there's a lot of people are being prosecuted for what for their political views. i mean, they've done their committed no crime. and they were opposed to the government. and it was the west just had a lot of fun with that. and the soviet union really didn't have a very good onset of that. that has changed because now russia very good onset. i mean for instance, i mean we talked about this roman protection. now roman brother david was involved in

at the time that soviet union collapsed and later became head of russia desk at mi6 and then retired from the service in 2009, almost the time i left the journal. we were introduced in 2010 by a mutual friend. we became friendly and did a little business together in the following years. this part of the world was not our business. there's an episodic relationship and we did like working together and we did have common interests and so when we finally concluded in the spring of 2016 that there was something unexplained about donald trump's relationship with russia, he was an obvious person for us to go to -- to see if we could find out more. we had pulled tens of thousands of pages of documents and we felt that we were running out of places to look for public information and that we needed someone who was able to talk to people and see if there was more to be glenned by talking to people in russia. that's why we went to him. >> so was it the democratically funded project by the time christopher steele came along or still a republican? >> it was. it was. the foundation for the decision

what happened in europe yet after the collapse of the soviet union, there were hopes that, that miracle, the european miracle could be repeated. that europe and the, the, the, you, as a saw, they could also set aside the differences. they could rule to choose interdependence rather than competition. but unfortunately, it was not to be because of nato's expansion. eastwards it was the box movement eastwards which by the way, begun when the soviet leadership was actually persuaded to accept the united germany as session to nato. the attendants, the main reason for the rapid increase in mutual mistrust in europe. many countries of port before the artificial choice of either been with a collective west or with russia in fights. it was an ultimatum. since 1999 there being 5 more knit waves of needs who expansion eastwards towards russia, that you hear you can. it depends on who you talk to next, but on the side of that side they'll tell you different things. but ultimately it all revolves this collapse of understanding between russia and the west. it all revolves ultimately you could trace b

and soviet union. in the book mercury rising, watchful tv this weekend on "c-span2". >> american history tv on c-span three, exploring the people and events that tell the american story every weekend, saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern, on lectures in history. northeastern university professor william fowler on early atlantic exploration it, christopher columbus and the discovery of the caribbean and the americas europeans. sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern, unreal america, 1975 nasa film, was out there with orson welles and carl sagan, exploring the possibility of extraterrestrial life and communications of intelligence civilization in the universe. and sunday at p.m. eastern, un-american artifacts,. >> world war i trench and reconstructed german bunker, part of the living history exhibit by the u.s. army heritage and education center in carlisle pennsylvania, and sunday at 8:00 p.m. eastern, on the presidency. here how first lady jacqueline kennedy and lady bird johnson and pat nixon or to preserve the historic

. >> i went to vienna to meet the leader of the soviet union, mr. khrushchev.e met in sober, intensive conversation. mr. khrushchev and i had a full and frank exchange of views on the issues that now divide our two countries. i want to present him directly, realistically, with an opportunity for discussion and clarification. >> as president kennedy said in his report, this was not a summit meeting, but rather, and -- rather, an informal exchange of views and a way of keeping open channels of communication between the united states and the soviet union. one topic of discussion was the serious situation in laos. -- where communist backed factions were continuing hostilities against the royal government. president kennedy reported a measure of agreement in vienna. >> both sides endorsed the concept of a neutral and independent laos, much in the manner of burma or cambodia, and of critical importance to the current conference in laos and geneva, both sides respected the importance of a cease-fire. >> the second meeting was held at the soviet embassy. president kenn

but i'm going to was out of the soviet union collapsed to the vaccination. the social systems day legal . jimmy died out and with some of the issues we are discussing now. well, we have to revise them shift for william club, which will be investing heavily in this area. we've allocated more a sizable amount of money to contract. sure. object in the re have system. so that we will have all the equipment because we have foss cover it. we have, it requires some, you know, show equipment. we're going to have for the 3 system, your blood vessels. and therefore, if you need to, we didn't have access to special equipment, but it look of allocated the money for the money that those people demanded. and i don't know why not with the concrete missile, which i think we can look at each separate case individually, and they will find them as much as you want. we can contact the author the question from only we'll try to contact him during our session. i think we can do that now. the money we did, and i mentioned to him, we've allocated that money in this system is being

. >> i went to vienna to meet the leader of the soviet union, mr. kutuzov. intense conversations. mr. kashuv and i had a very great exchange of views. one of the major issues that now divide by two countries. i wanted to present our views to him, directly, precisely, realistically and with an opportunity for discussion and clarification. which was done. as president kennedy said in his report, this was not a summit meeting but rather an informal exchange of views and a way of keeping open the channels of communication between the united states and the soviet needed. would topcoat discussion with the serious disk discussion in laos, of increasing concern in the peoples of the world. these actions, at the soviet union want to show whether it supported the satisfactory settlement in laos, for a communist factions were considered wing hostilities against the royal government. president kennedy reported a measure of agreement in vienna. >> both sides endorsed the concept of a mutual independent allows. much in the manner of cambodia. and a critical importance to

defeated the soviet union, but russia never really moved on.that he is still dealing with. that he wants to recover from. that russia never was able to get over the humiliation of the cold war. now the united states wants to move into a more cold war russi reclaiming past glory, reclaiming past position. and then don't forget one other thing which is the personal position of vladimir putin. some call him the richest man in the world. he's accused the democrats, he's accused specifically hillary clinton, of trying to overthrow him. he wants to stay in power. so he has russia's interests at heart but also vladimir putin's interests at heart. and he has been cracking down on dissidents in a major way. there were new laws passed in russia effectively making him president for life, so there is the putin president of russia, and there is putin who wants to defend what putin has. >> a newsy 25 minutes or so on "msnbc reports." we learned when vladimir putin will arrive tomorrow. when you will see the coverage of the summit unfold. for now expected lik

so, you know, it was a very simple, two dimensional containment of the soviet union. you know, here, the trade and investment relationships, i think a little bit more to weigh down the congressman acknowledges in that, you know, a lot of american debt is owed by china. it is, there's a lot of two-way flows on trade if nothing else. and i think perhaps, a more serious point is that, well, i'm completely where congresswoman cheney began with saying that, you know, that our democratic values should prevail. and when you look at china's soft power tools like confucius institute that's on american campuses, you know, there are pretty sorry challenge to the extraordinary cultural and democratic and human rights leadership of the united states and its allies. but the difficulty is through belt and road and through exactly what you said, steve, the sort of fractious nature of democracy in all our countries in recent years. you know, they are starting to chip away at our core proposition, that democracy always delivers for people in a better way than the chinese system does. a

the central theme driving putin ever since the collapse of the soviet union in 1991 and he took power in 2000, some 20 years ago, he wants to develop a sphere of influence over the former soviet union states. the problem is many of them in nato and that's why he's intimidated and coerced the baltic states and poland, all members of nato. that's why he's conducted among the nonaligned states military expansion. why is he doing that? to prevent their integration with the west. to prevent integration to nato. he doesn't want anymore of that. that is central theme that he's instituting. we have to take that on. the second one is cyber warfare using as an instrument of national power to undermine the american democracy. he's doing that every single day. we have to put that at his door step. we have to tell him every time he does it, we will counter attack using our cyber attack force against the cyber infrastructure from where that was launched. secondly, this is over for us. we're not putting up with this anymore. we're coming after your oil and gas industry and mr. putin, look him in the

political stability or challenges. germany is marking 80 years since the nazi invasion of the soviet union . the surprise attack on june 22nd 941 would become the biggest and bloodiest front in world war 2 and, and in nazi germany is complete destruction. by the end of the war, an estimated 27000000 soviet citizens had died, including 14000000 civilians. from the beginning operation, barbarossa as the invasion was cold, was conducted as a war of an elation. the germans also treated salvia prisoners of war, brutally. they were executed, starved, or died on forced marches from the front lines. and the nazis took some 5700000 soviet prisoners of war. over the course of 4 years. it's estimated that more than 3000000 soviet prisoners of war died, making them one of the largest groups of nazi victims. and germany's president has been marking that sombre anniversary here in berlin. from valentine, my, i attended a ceremony at the russian german russian museum in his speech di, my address criticism from former soviet republics like ukraine and batteries, that there are millions of victims in world

he was a very much a big fan of the soviet union and and of stalin, i mean in a sense that they had kind of rescued the allied cause they had sacrificed so much for victory in world war ii and he really resented the idea that our country would go to war for another world war iii. with that with that ally by 1946 by about today, which is the 75th anniversary of winston churchill's iron curtain speech at westminster college and fulton, missouri by about today 75 years ago. malden was beginning by about the iron curtain speech use beginning to understand that the sylvia union was a problem and that their imperialism their squelching of human rights of free speech of civil rights that they couldn't be trusted and so he kind of reluctantly became a kind of a moderate cold warrior, but he was never virulent anti-communist like as you can see from this cartoon. he disliked virulent and i communist very much like the house on american activities committee. he loved calling them the un-american committee for the investigation of activities and you can see the congressman here says, where's that g

and dependent on the sport being played when there was team or individual and how strong was the soviet union event as to what all the other eastern bloc states would do. when east germany was not allowed a lot of the soviet teams would enact-- withdraw and boycott and often wait until very close to the competition began to have-- you know it's the biggest distraction to the capitalist west even when they decided several weeks earlier they would withdraw, but there were instances particularly when the soviet team was really good at certain sports and they didn't want to lose out on that and occasionally they still played. obviously, individual sports, there is always less distraction because it's an individual escort, but team sports like soccer would have that greater level of deception because you have a groups and now all of a sudden you have an even group and sometimes at the last minute they would have to reorganize the group and one group would have two teams and play each other and thatld was it. itit did become complicated for the organizers. >> i see. salvador, what you think, should