and then we go to a higher level, to the states and then to the union, the federal union. here's the key idea. we'll throw this back at you. equality is crucial. we talked before about you can't have consent without equality. and every -- >> you cannot have coercion. >> no. every level of union, whether it be on the town level, the union of families or the county level, the union of towns, those unions exist to preserve and perpetuate the equality of their constituent units. do you follow me? that's pretty straightforward. the legitimacy, the value of the union of the town is that all families will be treated equally and have an equal voice in their own government. >> and you move up the ladder, that imperative remains. and that is, union depends on preserving equality of constituent units, because otherwise, some are benefiting at the expense of other -- that's another way of saying that some are ruling others. you know, the great problem with unions throughout our periods is the fear that it's going to be captured by the bad guys. and one thing americans produce in great

when the union is raised, nonunion alike get the raze. once again, if everything opted out, it would - we'd be back to probably about turn of the century conditions in the working areas. >> well, let's get down to specifics. for decades you made your living as a union electrician, a member of ibew. when you walked on to a job site with a union card in your wallet. what's the difference between that work then and what will go on on a job site in kanosha. milwaukee, what is going to be different. well, slowly the training will change. i was afforded training. every member before me paid into a found fund. that was through union dews. -- dues. all that goes out the window. i was asked to pull wire, put in pie. it was done by standards established over years. you have identified who you will be up against, working next to. safety and quality will erode. it will not play good for customers and business owners. and it will not play well for the employees. the average person in the right to work state makes basically 5,000 less a year than those

for the most part the union army would be on the offensive. but the militia and the reserves , like in richmond, these were more clerk. they had other jobs. it did not toward the army toward the confederate army, but there are two stories of valor by the militia or the reserves that take place in the last year of the war. one is june night, 1864. -- june 9 1864. just east of here there was a bottle of old men and young boys. these were civilian altars who came out and defeated the union calvary attack on the petersburg and on the bridge over stand river. we did see some heavy action. all caps, not on duty over time. please. i've always been curious why generally was not aware or did not do something to prevent the separation of forces. bwhich is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] life as i mentioned, the confederate army was on the move from amelia to farmville was for the most part on one roadway. generally was writing in the front. leading the confederate column through that area was general long street first

i took the role of the union soldier. he and i were companions in trying to learn more about the events that took place on the retreat. one of the areas that i was interested in was the battle of sailor's creek. sailor's creek became a state park in 1936. efforts were made to purchase more land for the park and have it become a national park. something happened, world war ii came along and the impetus was lost. after the war when things started looking up, there was a congressman who was from appomattox county and guess who got the national park? appomattox. sailor's creek languished for the next couple of decades. finally in 2008, sailor's creek which had been a satellite to a recreational park called twin like sailor's creekake, i was fortunate enough even though i was working for the national park service to be asked to be on a planning team for sailor's creek and later here at highbridge. i was familiar with the goals of the park service as to what they wanted. thanks to a bond referendum, $3.2 million was raised to de

lee cap makes the terms to the south because union forces keep blocking the way but the union armies -- can't make the turn to the south because union forces keep blocking the way. this map shows the final battle which takes place on the morning of april 9. confederates initially pushed a union back but as reinforcements arrived they realize they cannot break through and the confederate army is surrounded on three sides of the river on the other side. lee and grant me that very afternoon of april 9. one of the things that makes the appomattox surrender you knew there is an active campaign and right up to the last minute there is fighting. we do not know who the last casualty was, there is probably no way to know because the fighting spread out across the village. one of the possible candidates is montgomery from pennsylvania, that is his photograph. as the flags of truce go out and fighting dies down, both sides have a chance to pause and catch the reps -- their breath and for the confederates, this is the first time they have had to process things. we have all been in situations wher

the union contingent will arrive on a confederate train. now this second meeting will take place at what they call the surrender of, a large oaktree tree was huge, spreading branches -- oak a large oak created with huge, spreading branches. this is what it looks like today, it was lost in a hurricane but for years it was a landmark and it is still a source of pride for the town of citronelle. it is just a roadside stop at the historic marker. in his department taylor has 22,000 men. at the second meeting which takes place on may 4 taylor will agree to the same terms as appomattox. the men are free to come home. just like with the north carolina situation, the confederate troops are camped up here in the union army is down here in mobile and moving into montgomery but there are no union soldiers incite -- in sight when these men lay down weapons in camp and begin the journey home. to the north, in upper mississippi, general nathan forrest at his cavalry command -- had his cavalry command. he will disband his cavalry -- again, there are no uni

they are headed out to actually review the union fifth corps. and just happened upon this battle that is taking place. and the president will ride back to the city point area later that day on a train that not only carries the wounded from the battlefield, but also confederate prisoners of war. we can only imagine the effect on their morale knowing that what they are up against is an army so large that an entire corps has been pulled from the front lines to be reviewed by the president of the united states while they are so desperately seeking to try and get through. both sides are going to start to ramp up their efforts at this point. it is an extremely wet spring, it is not the perfect weather for military campaign. but both sides know, especially grant, that of lee gets the opportunity, he is going to abandon petersburg and richmond. he has to. there is really nothing i can keep in there, militarily. and so, grant says his biggest fear is that he awakens one morning and lee is gone. they will have a conference, once again on the river queen, a

he gave that to the soviet union. some of the other technology the rosenberg ring gave, that we know, is the blueprints for the first american designed jet engine. blueprints for the first american mass-produced jet aircraft, and specifications of manufacturing instructions for the fdr 584 radar which is the most important radar that was produced in the second world war. the russians were so happy with the fdr 584 information they offered to give the rosenberg ring a $5,000 bonus. which was some money back then. members of the rosenberg ring were aghast that it was suggested they were doing it for money, they wouldn't take the money. that gives you an idea how important they thought it was. the rosenberg ring gave thousands of pages of documents to the soviets. we don't know exactly what was in them. we know he gave a a 12,000 page blueprint for the shooting star and another 5000 pages. in sobell gave 2000 pages 1945, to the soviets. it is reasonable to infer that anything they had axis two they gave. that is what they

the righteous. two union soldiers at appomattox, there seemed to be a satisfaction, in the moment of victory, they had lee nearly surrounded. how fitting it seemed that the defeated confederates world on the low ground well triumphant union soldiers lined they amphitheater sweeping around the town at appomattox. strange providence was surely a work in the fact that the surrender terms were signed in the home of a man who had owned the house on the battleground of manassas. the first great victory of the confederates. the most during sign of divine favor with to be found in the providential timing of the surrender on palm sunday. it was the universal expression among the union soldiers that the surrender was a blessed sabbath work. union soldiers embraced grants policy of magnanimity in their hour vindication because they believed that in so thoroughly defeating the rebels, the federal army had meted out sufficient punishment to the confederacy. many union soldiers felt the confederates were so desperately bea

how seriously did the federal government the union take blockade running? they took it very seriously, and they realized from the very beginning of the war, from the very beginning that they would need to devote a lot of resources to the blockade. the union navy at the beginning of the war was, i don't know 40, 50 vessels at most in active service. it was very small, and it had to expand tremendously. and so for the first few i months through the middle of 1861 through early 1862 the federal navy the union navy was buying up every ship it could find not just building lots of new warships, but purchasing every civilian ship they could put a gun on and using it on the blockade. and the thinking was well, we don't need to blockade the coast, we just need lots of ships. we don't need lots of warships because they're not going to be going into combat a lot. and that's probably right. so the union navy expanded during the course of the war from maybe 40 or 50 ships on active service to, i think, over 600. and the vast majority of those were on the blockade around

there's an underbody to the union. hat is some of the stuff that we are not talking or hearing about. the pendulum swinging too far. i would like to discuss the whole picture. what is the confident we should be having. >> we should be talking about individual freedom and rights. workers want benefits and all the fluff. they don't want the political power and money spent on politics. i heard the others talk about the capitalism and you look at salaries leaders, and they are far bigger than other contract big shots. people want protections, they want associations and a professional. unions have put so much more into what they are doing. >> people are learning about it. they don't like it. >> does the little guy out here? >> i think the little guy is losing out on society. one of the fundamental concepts we are facing is the wealth distribution. we are getting ready to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the act which was passed in 1935. workers had depressed wages at the time. it was passed as a matter of federal policy to

we are seeing with the teachers union, because it came through for the right to work. are starting to see local unions reform. they understand that they had to offer benefits that make sense, compelling people to join it's beneficial. any time that an employee can have a voice in the union, it's a good thing. i think right to work and getting a choice... >> can unions mobilize in new ways. >> i think they can, and there are, there's a lot of evidence that there's millions in motion recognising that the only way for the voice to be heard is if they organise. i just want to reference the notion of wal-mart and the wealth that the walt jobon family is agrewing. today there are wal-mart workers collecting food stamps. there are such low wages that you and i subsidise the lower wages because the workers require food prices. it's a recognise by wal-mart that they are paying wages that are too low. i think that unions nad to become more creative, innovate innovative. every indication is that that's what they are doing. i think the future is very - to me is hopeful, but it's g

lee, will you lead the main union army to crush secession? as scowcroft vix 16 remembered the story blair tried in every way to convince robert e. lee to say yes. he said the country looks to you, quote, as the representative of the washington family to save the union george washington forged and that is not an exaggeration because year after all was the son of george washington's most famous eulogists and son in law to washington's adopted child. so now only one word separated robert e. lee from the pinnacle of his profession to command of the largest american army ever raised, from glory perhaps that no american since george washington had no. and what did he say? he said he opposed secession and he did oppose secession. he thought secession was illegal. he thought george washington would have opposed secession. that was no given at the time. people on both sides of this conflict claimed george washington for their own. secessionists said george washington was a rebel who rebelled against a union with the british. on the other side unionists

he felt the longer this war went on for the more men that the union could bring to bear, the more thatunion armies would come to the south and cause damage. he thought that the south's social order would snap. and so, basically he felt that he had to break the north's political will before the south had its social order snapped. and so that's why you find robert e. lee so devoted to the concept of trying to destroy the union army. and even after his greatest victories, for example the battle of chancellorsville in 1863 he's frustrated. his greatest victory, he doesn't celebrate it because the union army got away, and he felt he had to destroy the union army. and i think there is a good argument to be made for his point of view, that time wasn't necessarily on his side. yes. >> i came across an interesting comment -- [inaudible] >> sure. >> and toward the end of the war there's finish. finish -- dictator who takes that position, crown me as caesar and maybe win this thing. kid you come across -- >> yes, i did. and, in fact, it was published in newspapers at the time. newspapers openly s

everyone in the house knows that. and unions as representative bodies should exist for the benefit of the workers. but i don't think anyone disagrees that it's the workers, not the unions, who know what's best for themselves. workers are the best judge of whether they want to support union political activities or even if they want to join a union at all. joining a union is a big choice. but to make an informed decision, workers need time. to decide what's best for them and their families. and they shpt -- and they shouldn't be pressured or rushed. so if unions really care about workers, if they're confident that their benefits of the unions outweigh the costs, they'll give the workers as much time as they immediate. that's the irony of the recent decision by the national labor relations board. to allow unions to call rush elections to ambush employees and employers ambush elections don't help workers. instead they bully workers to accepting unionization as fast as possible. that's not pro-worker. that's pro-union. and there's a

they ended up in the soviet union. where steve shows they use their expertise to develop the microelectronics industry and create moscow's version of silicon valley. most recently, alan hornbloom wrote his book, the invisible harry gold. not only does he make it assertion of rosenbergs -- -- it clear he was a spy for the soviets, contrary to the assertion of rosenbergs defenders. he explained sympathetically why he decided to engage in espionage, and reaches the conclusion that goal told the truth and julius rosenberg and his colleagues were not. gold was labeled by the rosenbergs' defenders as a delusional psychotic. while the rosenbergs and morton sobell were displayed as innocent martyrs to mccarthy witch on. -- a mccarthyite witchhunt. -- gold was very intent on making amends for what he considered his traitorous acts and telling the truth. although his lawyers had ample legal ground that would've allowed gold to escape indictment and prosecution. perhaps the most recent damming news was the confession of codefendan

spying for the soviet union was a different matter than spying for the soviet union in 1944. one more bit of the story. i will go over it very quickly. two americans that escaped from the fbi and a dramatic fashion. they ended up in the soviet union, and helped create the soviet computer industry. this is a picture of them in >> can i say thank you now? allen kornblum, -- hornbloom you are the expert. >> harry gold was far from the prepossessing character. in fact, he was nearly invisible. he could easily pass on the street a dozen times and never take notice. he was no james bond, at least not in the swab, imposing manner. as everyone knows, hollywood creations do not mesh with reality. make no mistake, portly mild-mannered harry gold was the real deal. he was a secret agent who won the order of the red star. his impact on espionage and the endless rosenberg saga is nothing short of momentous. not surprisingly, that j edgar hoover would call gold a master soviet spy, the target of the toughest case the fbi ever made and the center of the crime of the century. even someone he

so he was a major enemy of the soviet union. he was a biographer of this and he himself had been a member but he was a good biographer and an interesting guy and he said that was the first shot getting rid of him. and they were all on the side of course. >> host: you have a chapter in here about elliott. tell me his story. >> guest: the thing about his story he went to ronald reagan and praised both people he said look i conducted with people, they are the ones that are helpful to me and when i say blacklist if all they had to do basically if you were a communist and you have a car and a house committee found out that you were a member of the party and had an amonte member of the party etc. as long as you could get back to work in hollywood easily. they wouldn't see anything say anything but all you have to do is renounce. that's all you have to do and of course they would say you have to go back and name names and say who your fellow conspirators but they all got back to work. i just wanted to find out about that and he was prai

i am part of the union, have been, i support my union. we do have political needs that we have to have done because the companies will not support us on a lot of the things, such as the increase in wages for benefits pensions, things like that, they will fight you tooth and nail for a 2% raise. whereas profits will soar to, for example, 40% more than last quarter. it keeps going up, year after year. they constantly put out propaganda about how the unions are and what they will not do for you. and you have to to pay for this, that, and the other. i agree with the other guy, even know they did not support blacks years ago, if you do not want to pay dues, then you shouldn't it be benefits that we fought for. we fight for those benefits for our family. and our children. host: a tweet that came in during the course of your comments -- unions need to spend more money on public relations rather than politics. the corporations have the money to buy both polls and public opinions. what you think about that, dave? caller: we do have -- we do support

and then seeing, amazed, the union troops charge up the slope. you can drive along crest road and see the monuments along the crest of missionary ridge marking where troops were stationed. and marvel at how the union troops charged up the slopes of missionary ridge. >> our live coverage continues on american history tv from farmville, virginia. in the closing of the civil war seminar, cosponsored by longwood university and appomattox national historical park. they are about to resume coverage live on c-span three. patrick: we will keep this going next year and every year and the future. we will not do another three-day event. it will go back to saturday and as soon as we can figure out the schedule for longwood spring break and the availability of jarmon auditorium here we will get it down on the counter so folks can make plans. we're going to go ahead and have dr. coles introduce our next speaker. dr. coles: our second speaker is casey clabough. casey is a professor at lynchburg college and editor of the james dickey review and is english gradua

the unions like the top-down. the moment they control it they are empowered, and the government workers lied to buy the union bosses and government would be free to control their own money and do what they should do. >> the vice president from the illinois policy institute, and kate long municipal commentator and founder of clearing house. >>> binyamin netanyahu is seeking a fourth term in office. we look at binyamin netanyahu's biggest challenger and why he has a different take on the future of israel. deaf deaf >>> c.i.a. money meant for an afghan fund went to the al qaeda. it was used to pay a ransom for a diplomat. they were warped that it may be contaminated with poison or contain a tracking device. the story came to life when letter were submitted as evidence in the federal trial of an al qaeda lieu dennant, and the c.i.a. refused to comment about the story when we contacted them. >> secretary of state john kerry said that he hopes whomever wins the election on tuesday is dedicated to peace in the region. it

we were notified by the union that had actively led strikes in the past.onth earlier, a fire broke out and gutted the factory. all the management staff have left. and nobody plans to return. ex-workers have gathered in front and are repeating demands that will probably never be heard. the protest began without consulting any labor unions. >> ex-workers say they come here every day because doing nothing at home makes them feel helpless. chbl >> many workers would like to find work at other factories if they could. but new jobs are few and far between. most have no choice but to tap into what savings they have or borrow money to get by. cambodia has yet to develop a welfare system to protect workers who face such a desperate plight. meanwhile, while others have suffered, one factory has managed to expand sales during the past two years. no one here has ever gone on stri strike. all factory tasks are managed by leaders selected by workers. salaries are determined by the productivity of the team, meaning that wages can increase, even if the country's minimum w

they couldn't counter the parent rifles that the union army had. we hope to be doing a lot of digitizing and scanning of the correspondence because it contains a lot of genealogical information that will be of interest families. a lot of the families who did not return, of soldiers to maine, but whose family members would now like to know, what did there great, great, grandfather do during the war. we look at this election being of infinite value in shedding light on not just maine's past, but means present and perhaps looking at maine's future. >> back now to american history tvs live coverage of the seminar on the closing of the civil war in the spring of 1865. 150 years ago, this spring. we are live at longwood university in farmville, virginia. this event is an all-day seminar, cohosted by longwood university and appomattox court house national historical park. in just a few moments, the final presentation of the day with mark bradley on closing civil war operations in north carolina. again, live coverage of american history tv, here on c-span3.

the unions like the top of this down control. the minute that the workers control their retirements, that is an amazing part of the solution, that the government workers who have been lied to buy the union bosses and the governments would be free to control their own money, and do what they need to do. >> remains to be seen. kate long municipal market commentator. thank you for being with us. >>> israeli prime minister binyamin netanyahu is seeking his fourth firm in office. next. binyamin netanyahu's biggest challenger, and why he has a different take on the future of israel >>> after four long years, syria's war left its people exhausted, frustrated. we examine what life is like inside that country. >>> happening in beijing, delegates being spoken to at the end of the national people's congress. before the conference the premier told the delegates that china would continue to fight corruption, work to ease pollution and modernize the military. >> four years of civil war left syria is a battered place. it was different when many

and required everyone who worked on the field to be a union worker. it was a significant achievement. the first time union workers were recognized. >>> two weak to walk. cesar chavez walks bread after two weeks of fasting. >>> welcome back to a second look. throughout his life cesar chavez undertook a number of fasts. some of those he regarded as spiritual transformations. he also fasted in regard to wrongs or to criticize political campaigns. chavez went without food for 36 days. on the day he was joined by supporters to end his fast, dawkins was there. >> reporter: a mass was held on the usw compound. a farmer community. cesar chavez on the 36 day of his water only fast was carried in by his two sons. the 61-year-old president of the united farm workers has lost 33-pound. the long fast showed in his face and frame. doctors say it'll be more than a week before he can return to solid food. his oldest son read a statement for him. >> the fast will go on in hundreds of distant places and they will multiply among thousands and then millions of caring peop

several presidents came out of the union armies. they went into congress. they joined professions physicians, lawyers, engineers. that was indeed a correct assumption. there are some other assumptions about confederate and union soldiers. one of them is the perception that confederate soldiers had nothing to do with slavery. and a pioneering book, a study of the army in northern virginia, it was found that nearly half of the volunteers have lived with slaveholders. he concluded that the vast majority of volunteers and 18 six e1 had a direct connection to slavery. for slave holder and non-slave holder of light, slavery late at the heart of the nation. the second perception is a romanticization of the relationship between union soldiers and confederate soldiers. brothers under the skin that fundamentally disagreed on one issue. i'm sorry, that is not what happened. confederate soldiers of abhorred northern soldiers for the most part. southern soldiers view of union soldiers, bearing in mind, largely white at that point, was largely racial hatred. they saw them

if you want the soviet union. when hitler decided to make the alliance with the soviet union not only did stalin switch but so did all the communist party members in the united states in hollywood as well. they're going to be making an goofy picture by the way. they are going to glorify it this year. there was one of this time period. i went into some detail about how they became for adolf hitler. >> host: that is absolutely remarkable. >> guest: the fourth american writers conference which was held in new york but the point is they had these american writer conferences. i go into detail on the fourth american writers conference and all of these in hollywood for undecided adolf hitler. they didn't say with a view to adolf hitler. they all of hitler's enemies and particularly england. england was considered a pariah country so far as the hollywood left was concerned i got the fourth american writers congress in august people at dumping on england's saint england. >> host: this is after the nonaggression pact of 1939

can you believe the union tactics? >> scott walker can't catch a break here. untries has the option to choose if they want to pay union deuce or not, this is also there is an economic benefit. if you look at data from the bur reof labor statistics, states that had right to work laws grew by twice as much. this is also a win for the american people because the american people agree with this. according to gallop 71% of americans support right to work laws. >> we're going to leave it there because hot topic but wanted to save some time for the next one. coming up it's no secret most college teachers are liberal, but anti-american? why a group of them are throwing their support behind a plan to ban u.s. flags on camp tus. there's a war on america's cops. all that and much more this less than ten minutes. join us. >>> what does that beautiful and majestic american flag represent? if you answered racism and zeen phobia you are either an idiot or college professor. if you're ticked you're not alone. to sees of professors supporting a letter trying to ban the american

it's acting like an advocate for the unions. microunion decision a couple of years ago. it's doing that in this case, where going against the advice of senator john f. kennedy in 1959 who said 30 times seemed like a fair time to give employers and employees time to consider whether to have a union election. they're having a ambush like riding through a canyon and people are shooting at you. in days you have hundreds of thousands of small businesses across the country who are trying to work sell their goods make a living and prove their status. that's the middle class we talked about. suddenly they have to find a labor lawyer, disrupt their business pay that person money. and in every single step they take has to have that sort of legal advice because within 11 days they might have an election. there's no need to rush into an election that rapidly. this is a chance to give the union organizers an opportunity to force a union election before the employer even knows what's going on and before the employees know what's going on. a fe

one would save the union and slowly cure its major defect slavery. the other would free all slaves immediately, even if it meant destroying slavery and the union together. they expressed their views with uncommon eloquence, two of the most famous or hr's in an age that prized oratory. they developed a mutual respect, and ultimately, genuine mutual admiration. two great men, who is furious dissidents and pursuit of what ended up as common goals made both of them greater. abraham lincoln and frederick douglass. as these code arrests show, they not only had compelling platforms but unforgettable faces. no one who met either one ever forgot meeting them, or how they expressed themselves publicly and privately. tonight, by using the very words lincoln and douglas wrote and spoke to one another about each other and to the public, and by deploying the portraits for which they sat around the time of many of their major meetings and or rations, it is possible to see and hear them confronting each other again over their shared aspirations and differences. the r

can you believe the union tactics? >> scott walker can't catch a break here. look, this is a win for the american people. now half the countries has the option to choose if they want to pay union deuce or not, this is also there is an economic benefit. if you look at data from the bur reof labor statistics, states that had right to work laws grew by twice as much. this is also a win for the american people because the american people agree with this. according to gallop 71% of americans support right to work laws. >> we're going to leave it there because hot topic but wanted to save some time for the next one. coming up it's no secret most college teachers are liberal, but anti-american? why a group of them are throwing their support behind a plan to ban u.s. flags on camp tus. ♪ edward jones. with nearly 7 million investors oh hey, neill, how are you? you'd expect us to have a highly skilled call center. kevin, neill holley's on line one. ok, great. and we do. it's how edward jones makes sense of investing. [ male announcer ] legalzoom has helped start over 1

the soviet union he had been anti- hitler. each and every one of them that i talk about were members of the communist party. a member of the communist party, you had to be from the soviet union. that was the only way you could get in. so the hard-core communists when hitler decided to make his alliance with the soviet union stalin switched to be pro- hitler, but so did all of the communist party's members in the united states and hollywood as well. they would be making a movie picture about it glorifying it. don trouble was one of the greatest apologists. i go into some detail about how he became an apologist for adolf hitler at the one that is absolutely remarkable and a forgotten chapter. >> i guess it was new york, but i go into detail about the american writers congress. now i didn't say we love you, adolf hitler. the church of new england. considered a pariah country so far as the hollywood left was concerned. the american writers congress -- american writers group. >> host: just to be clear this was after the pact of 1939

but the union blockade was declared april 1861 proposed the idea was to the federalist with position and borg ships around the airports to prevent vessels from coming in and out. running the blockade was illegal but not in the forces but of the confederacy because they did not recognize federal authority in the seceded states. it was mostly done as a private venture. anybody could be a blockade runner if you have of vessel for business interest. those involved in other aspects of business because that was a way to maintain the business senate-house seriously did they take it? >> very. and then to devote the resources. so it was very small. for the first few months the union navy would buy a pair of reship it could find not just building new warships but purchasing every civilian ship to use it on of blockade. not just for the coast to not go into combat a lot. that is probably right so the union navy expanded the very first for with active service to over 600. and did became much more effective simply because then they be expanded so much from uss south carolina and appearing in july

lee cap makes the terms to the south because union forces keep blocking the way but the union armies -- can't make the turn to the south because union forces keep blocking the way. this map shows the final battle which takes place on the morning of april 9. confederates initially pushed a union back but as reinforcements arrived they realize they cannot break through and the confederate army is surrounded on three sides of the river on the other side. lee and grant me that very afternoon of april 9. one of the things that makes the appomattox surrender you knew there is an active campaign and right up to the last minute there is fighting. we do not know who the last casualty was, there is probably no way to know because the fighting spread out across the village. one of the possible candidates is montgomery from pennsylvania, that is his photograph. as the flags of truce go out and fighting dies down, both sides have a chance to pause and catch the reps -- their breath and for the confederates, this is the first time they have had to process things. we have all been in situations wher

that it's all between itself and the rest of the union. that's what brought on the war. the differences. those differences are very clearly laid out and statements of policy and practice. the confederate obstetrician, for example. one of the major differences between the united states constitution the confederacy got the attrition -- there is a six year term for president. i don't think they went to war over that. a major difference is the issue of the approach to the national commitment of slavery. there were a number of characteristics that field this. when someone does not have the personal connection to the war stands back and says look, and they see the confederacy, they do not see as as young men wanting to defend their homes, they see a government committed to the sus is -- sustenance of white supremacy and slavery in america. all people see it that way, but some do. getting back to this question of policy. union soldiers who marched into town in april of 1865, racist union soldiers, who may have hated black people, some of them. they marched for freedom. not beca

failure of unions to penetrate factories in south have contributed to theline. almost half all of union workers today have jobs in the public sector. they are the kind of jobs paid for by local and state governments, but lawmakers have rolled back union influence through so-called right to work legislation. this and other moves against unions are motivated in part by states eager to attract employers, slash budgets, and in part by an idealogical threat to unions. according to the labor department, union members earn weekly pay of $970, median. compare to that to what non-union workers get. median pay of $763 a week, and you see what unions have managed to achieve. even so they are increasingly losing their relevance. unions desperately need to tap further -- fertile ground in the south. for more on the state of the unions mary snow has this report. >> reporter: it is the latest blow to organized labor. wisconsin is now the 25th state to pass a right to work bill backed by republican governor and potential presidential candidate, scott walker. it gives worke

union. we see the decline in unions led to a depression in wages. people are going back to work. the new jobs numbers this week are showing us we are at a 5.5% unemployment. wages are flat. we see that correlation as there is a decline, wages are not going up. unions bargain on behalf of everyone, not just the people in their union. >> the numbers do tell a different story don't they? >> i'm scratching my head, with all due respect to emily. i don't understand where she is getting her numbers. in almost every metric right-to-work states are outperforming nonright-to-work states. employment rates are growing much faster than the states that don't have right-to-work. per capita income once you adjust for cost of living, it's much higher. union membership in right-to-work states is dropping dramatically. across the board incomes are up, employment is up. what more could you work from a law? this is benefitting workers across the board. i think every state will have right-to-work because it makes economic sense. >> these numbers are right. a state is poaching jobs from another state.

this is the aim of the zionist union. it should be known to you. thank you. it should be known that we've made an extraordinary achieve achievement today extraordinary extraordinary, since the actions of 1992, we have not had these results. together i'm very proud of you. and it's important for me to say you've worked hard and you deserve it. tzipi will help to bring the country to a successful--this result allows us to the leadership and of course we'll have to wait for the final results. everything is open. i've spoken to the parties. we don't know what the final results will be. i want to do everything that i can in order to form a government which is good for israel which will return it to being a democratic jewish country and aim for peace with our neighbors. therefore, i ask all of the parties to come together under my leadership in order to keep the unity of israel, a government that will give voice to israel that will give hope to new generations and will include a real change for israel. because the public won't change and a majority that there should