which is one of the easiest to genetically engineer and the point of the whole genetic modification experiment was to protect the potato against atheists one of the major pests it scotland of they attacked their the potato they grieve parts of the potato and we observed that that particular elected which we used which we take to crop. the snowdrop bulbs did to protect the snowdrop. against or sorts of pests attacks and we had hoped that if we had to take the that particular gene and transferred it needed it into the potatoes that would also be protecting the potato against insect attacks which in fact it did. after the end it was were killed at dissected we found out that it compared it with the genetically modified potatoes their internal organs developed differently some of the hole gets such just for example the got increased in size. even do it. fast or some of the other issues for example or the kid is not developing as well as the troughs and the conclusions were this is if. they found those data surtees six thirty six very significant differences between the g.m. . g.m. at. p

diets containing genetically more thereby but it airs at the all of these experiments. in compact is with. genetically modified potatoes that you get to pick up any difference we already investigated these. growth development immunity and they were supposed to have been touched. but it's that pace of change that's wearing out the scientists as well they say g.m. food is being rushed on to the market and on times without adequate safety tests now that we have a lot of want to hear taxpayer. sixty thousand pages of internal documents and in these internal documents it was very clear that the scientists inside the agency said we need to test these foods for toxicity allergenicity immune response lower nutrition and for environmental contamination page after page of study they said we need none of this was done. today around a third of the soil from the u.s. is genetically altered and when it gets to the factory it's mixed together with ordinary soil and you never know which is which. in precautionary science of genetic engineering it means one question means one career you

that we used for genetic engineering get back to thank you fried. and this is the particular potato bradly which is one of the easiest to genetically engineer and. the point of the whole genetic what if acacia experiment was to protect the potato against atheists one of the major pests it scotland of they attack their the potato they could eat parts of the potato and we observed that that particular lect that which we used which we take to crop. the snowdrop bulbs did that protect the snowdrop bulbs against all sorts of pests attacks and we had hoped that if we had take the that particular gene and transferred it educate it into the potatoes then. also be protecting the potato against insect attacks which in fact it did. after the end and it was were killed at dissected we found out that the comp had is with a dog genetically modified potatoes there eterno organs developed differently some of the hole gets such as for example good got increased in size. even doing that itself was not growing as fast or some of the other issues for example the kid is

effects of genetically modified. for a t.d. or with any species rats mice. or humans. even though that the humans for all of the eating it. this is the same good idea potato yesterday that we used for genetic engineering get ninety eight ninety five. and this is the particular potato variety which is one of the easiest to genetically engineer and the point of the whole genetic modification experiment was to protect the potato a gate state feeds one of the major pests it scotland of they attack there the potato the green parts of the potato and we observed that that particular elected which we used which we take to cross. the snowdrop. did to protect the snowdrop. against all sorts of pests attacks and we had hoped that if we had to take the that particular gene that transferred it educated it to the potatoes that would also be protecting the potato against insect attacks which in fact it did. after the end it was were killed at dissected we found out that the compadres with the genetically modified potatoes their internal organs developed differently some of the intern

it's not the genetic variance. i would be curious to hear what you think from a geneticist at stanford's like the four elements or fire and water. we've moved on and we don't want you to force us to go back and talk about it in the era of high air and water. we are past that. >> in other words, there is a basis perhaps. >> there are more fundamental things to talk about. >> that would reflect what i'm thinking about these days in how we have the categories of concept that we thought along from the colonial period and it's best if we move beyond it and go back to some of these take-home tests. it actually brings back some of the terminology an and these ids in the category that are kind of a critical analysis. there is something to lament about that. but i talked him about about if you take a continent, any content. i talk about europe in particular because there has been a lot of interesting work done on it. it's not just like there was a group of people from 50,000 years ago that have been there and have been euro

genetic map. that is between let's say poles that ours and bush two years on the north you are you have career goals and. georgians and so on so definitely we are as russians or particular genetics. like an issue that needs. those people that we have tested from these expeditions as a pure russians let's say at least as they say that they are pure russians they are occupying the sport if you takes pure ukrainian this ukrainian will never get in this nice his genetic let's say sequence the genome sequence will differ him from the russians this is a true thing which you're saying because russia started in a key which is now the capital of ukraine so so so i always thought that russians the ukrainian and the russians are our same nation same listeners they're very close i would say they're very close let's see brother who let's say brotherhood nations but still you can distinguish if you take let's as i told you everett. you will distinguish him from. ukrainian that's actually no harm because then yo

scientists use genetic scissors to alter masses, genetic makeup by switching particular genes on or off, or introducing new genetic materials. over the decades, the institute standard lab mazda spawn hundreds of new genetic lines, including my so the predisposition for diabetes, obesity, and breast cancer. ah, the aim is to decipher the genetic causes of malformations and diseases that might have been key to a host of nobel prize winning research projects. the mice at the institute for molecular genetics are used for basic research. after almost half of old test animals, the other half are used to develop drug treatments or vaccines. each animal experiment here has to be approved and deemed essential for resolving scientific questions. but the moral dilemma remains. is it right for us to conduct tests on animals which result in pain distress and even death? currently is often no effective alternative stefan month lows. feeling a come on love, which was a lot of tests can be done using cell coaches these days. it's measuring the toxicity of various substances. for instance, noir may be c

this is the output in seeing a genetically engineered product to the profit of the company. this is donna pulse from the n g o friends of the us who advocates against this practice. and we can't seem to do that. there's a lot of things that is, that is confidential business information. we asked the company for a statement and access to their scientific data, but hadn't received an answer by the time we made this video. the us food and drug administration approved the fish as safe to eat in 2015, but the decision saw heavy backlash from civil society and environmental group. they took the company to court. there's evidence highlighting this. if genetically engineered salmon bleed with wild salmon, that within a couple generations, mild salmon. and not only are ecosystems at risk, the potential benefits of artificial genetic engineering can come at a price, undesirable mutations and side effects. in 2020 a u. s. court ruled that the f d a had failed to sufficiently investigate the environmental consequences of approving genetically engineered salmon. but what about less invas

profile of an entire sample in just 30 minutes the technology supplies the genetic fingerprint that looks much like a barcode comprised of millions of fragments of d.n.a. sequences. until recently only small amounts of such genetic information could be saved but now that's changed. computers have become so powerful we no longer have to choose just a few parts of a spectrum to save and discard the rest now we can save the entire spectrum of. that's an enormous advantage now the chemist can store the genetic fingerprints of every sample when a new one arrives the computer can quickly identify similar or identical genetic fingerprints from its database. the test can provide an immense amount of information where the food product originated what exactly it contains and whether it's organic or conventionally produced across the e.u. scientists are now building databases for a large number of food products. specializing in eggs can determine whether an egg comes from organic or conventional that's another common form of fraud. a large database of organic and other eggs. that supposedly or

are there genetic similarities to human scientists, you genetic scissors to alter masses, genetic makeup by switching particular genes on or off, or introducing new genetic material. over the decades, the institute standard lab mazda spawn hundreds of new genetic lines, including mice, the predisposition for diabetes, obesity, breast cancer, ah, the aim is to decipher the genetic causes of malformations and diseases that might have been key to a host of nobel prize winning research projects the mice at the institute for molecular genetics are used for basic research, as are almost half of old test animals. the other half are used to develop drug treatments or vaccines. each animal experiment here has to be approved and deemed essential for resolving scientific questions. but the moral dilemma remains, is it right for us to conduct tests on animals which result in pain distress and even death? currently is often no effective alternative stefan month, close feeling come and love, which was a lot of tests can be done using cell coaches. these days, it's measuring the toxicity of various sub

so evolutionary, i'm for apology aka genetics as a combination of archaeology and genetics. we analyze genetic materials from the past that is associated with humans. and that can tell us something about how people in the past were genetic thing related to each other. with 1st, the researches analyze genetic material from the time before humans existed. of the oldest genomes that has been analyzed so far are about 1500000 years old. they're from memphis, from diploma for us to from far up in the north language, i can big fridge where my to, with has preserved extremely well in conditions like in central europe. so we kind of go back to the drastic, like some people might ones analyzing dinosaur dna, but we can go back 100 thousands of maybe even a 1000000 years. so what does all this have to do with race and skin color in the lab? yeah. how does causa analyze bones from out of humans? the dna you provided an explanation for why human skin color has evolved over time . humans become full purchases. they pictures mostly crops from plants, like we need to faraway and they becom

and so even the best scenario of genetic counseling, i think, it's still -- a genetic counselor would never be able to completely overcome the problem of how in the world a woman is supposed to decide what sort of risks to live with. it's, it doesn't seem to me particularly empowering at all. the other thing that is misleading, i think, about the way angelina jolie was talking about this was she said i've now eliminated my risk for cancer, and i can tell my children i will never get cancer, and i don't know how anyone could say that's true. and so there is -- you don't get that kind of certainty even if you elect to have these preventive surgeries. there's actually a lot of debate in the early '90s of whether to commercialize the test. the braca researchers, those early researchers just wanted to keep the testing within research settings, but they weren't able to control that. and so -- and now that myriad has lost its patents, it is a lot cheaper now and might very well become more common. >> last question

this genetic poverty is not without risk. in the 1970s, for example, a virus destroyed one quarter of the rice harvest across the whole of asia. it was only through cross breeding the rice, with a wild variety that the crop became resistant to the virus. thus rescuing the world single most important food stable for thousands of years. farmers have collected their own seeds and swapped them amongst themselves to improve their harvest and develop new varieties when. but in recent decades, a steadily declining number of seed companies has been selling and increasingly limited range of sorts. 95 percent of cabbage varieties, for example, have already disappeared. the companies designed their own crops and secure them with the patent. they supply 2 thirds of the global market. often farmers are unable to collect seeds and are required to buy certain fertilizers and pesticides . but a growing number of people worldwide are seeking to reverse this trend by increasing crop diversity and distributing seeds without patents. a nonprofit

in 2020, she decided to do a genetic test. the database of the genealogical test provider came up with a match. the said she was related to a woman in belgium. esther sent her the photo of her father. i had fish. indeed, i little like, not just under a week later, i heard back from her and she said, i showed the picture to my mom and my mom looked at it and said, yes, i know who the father and i said, empires after searching for 40 years, she finally found out who her father was a musician from central africa who had toward across europe. unfortunately, it turned out that he had died in 2017, but esther discovered that she had more than a handful of half brothers and sisters. some of them performers also living in europe and africa. she had found a new family in one fell swoop as club and as the alanine when i lined the mind home, i can see my father in his entire seat for me even 5 boy, that's a good thing. at least i know now where it all comes from. my search in that respect is ever a success story in this case. but might t

and i was taking that out on the genetics counselor. i almost started to shout and then i was very quiet the rest of the session. my daughter is fine. [laughter] >> but it is a burden so if you talked about the possibility can also have a weight. >> i think a long time heredity has a lightness and a darkness to it so the title of the book tries to speak how we look at children and what we find delightful and then where that came from. so there can be that anxiety maybe you are are bringing a legacy you may not even know about. so to preface in 2000 when my wife was pregnant the technology for the sequence of genes is so primitive compared to now. there is no way they could know anything except a few genes. but now it is totally changed. >> we will dig further into the concept of heredity. we talk about it often but yet it is also vague that you can refer to a lot of different things we believe we inherit. so can you talk about this concept of heredity and where did it come from? how should we think about it today? >> the word heredity i

our final genetic tree is based in africa. just as the division of the trees, the trunk, the stick, this broncho, so all in africa. now this is tiny genetic diversity if you find out that africa. but all the major limits are inside africa. so actually genetics like no other discipline from my point of view, has actually disprove the concept of race. so, fairly humans came from africa. but how did those 1st humans live? and what did they need to find out more scientists are studying the traces left behind on prehistoric tools made of stone. this is roughly what the 1st humans looked like. 2 and a half 1000000 years ago. these earliest humans were already skilled and making stone tools. here in the e, c o, b and highlands archaeologist discovered a trove of stone tools, dating from about 1600000 years ago. for more than 2000000 years, our early ancestors use tools made of stone and their day to day life. these stones are among the few remaining artifacts that offer insight into the lives of hominids . early human. at the lived i

that was a how is a bad time to introduce a novel, genetically engineered. so i being in to europe and europeans. first, they didn't trust the private profit making companies that were, that were delivering these, these products to the marketplace. and they didn't trust the food safety experts in their own countries who were telling them, it would be fine to eat these toys. and so it wasn't dangerous at all because the same food safety experts had just finished telling europeans that it was perfectly safe to eat meat from. from cattle that had mad cow disease, be se turned out. it wasn't say that if you ate that me, you could, you could uh, contract uh, a possibly fatal disease. so when your opinions were told by the same experts, it was safety. the. so it means they said, well, that's what you told us to meet. we're not going to trust you this time. and so it became very easy for the non governmental organizations. opposed to this new technology became very easy for them to, to frighten europeans away from it, to stigmatize the technology. and then governme

this genetic poverty is not without risk. in the 1970s. for example, a virus destroyed one quarter of the rice harvest across the whole of asia. it was only through cross breeding the rice, with a wild variety that the crop became resistant to the virus. thus rescuing the world's single most important food stable. for thousands of years, farmers have collected their own seeds and swapped them amongst themselves to improve their harvest and develop new varieties. but in recent decades, a steadily declining number of seed companies has been selling an increasingly limited range of sorts. 95 percent of cabbage varieties, for example, have already disappeared. the companies designed their own crops and secure them with a patent they supply 2 thirds of the global market. often farmers are unable to collect seeds and are required to buy certain fertilizers and pesticides. but a growing number of people worldwide are seeking to reverse this trend by increasing crop diversity and distributing seeds without patents. a nonprofit organization in aust

so the enormity of the rise of the genetics market relating to ancestry. i take a dim view of these companies so then of course 2020 happens this book was published in february just before covid-19 struck we had six weeks before lockdown on --dash lockdown happened and i got it pretty seriously and was seriously ill during that period. but it was racialized instantaneously with a separate distinct ways the first was the origin of the virus itself in china. we knew it was coming in 2013 that a pandemic was coming and i predicted it would likely come from east asia and probably from a food market but when dad apocalyptic prediction is right to but when this virus has been racialized in that way i don't want to go on about trump but he does refer to it as the chinese virus which i technically is correct and the spanish flu is incorrect it's called that because the first world war spain was the first country to report when in fact we don't know the origin of the pandemic itself but we think it came from kansas or from france but certainly not from spain have b

critically acclaimed books on genetically modified foods including genetic roulette a documented health risks of genetically engineered foods jeffrey joins me now in the studio you're welcome thank you thanks for joining us back in the eighty's when the g m o's were first coming out there there were no laws there were no regulations and monsanto actually went to the i believe it was the bush administration history was the reagan administration ok and so we'd like you to regulate it was this all about what have you see monsanto has not been a very popular company for decades because of continually lying about the toxicity of their products so they figured if the government gave a rubber stamp to it and it looked like it was the government approving it then they were kind of off the hook and in the next decade they got what they wanted a rubber stamp that meant nothing but it gave the illusion that the government was regulating g.m.o. so. how so will the person in charge of policy at the f.d.a. was michael taylor monsanto's former attorney he had been put in that position because the whit

it can preserve these genetic resources for the future. it will take time before genetic databases for honeybees can be built up across europe or worldwide. but in germany, these research shows a hoping to have filed away material from some 300 colonies by the end of 2021. here and that gene, bank of b. biodiversity. if outlet is red, white, platinum, even if you have a science question, you'd like us to answer candidate. if we featured on this show, you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. come on, just ask. you'll find us on the web at d, w dot com slash science, or check us out on twitter. any traditional components in milk include lactose, fat, protein minerals, and fishermen, mammals produce it to feed their young, to fend for themselves. for us, humans, milk remains an important source of nutrients even into adult it. that is despite estimates that 3 courses of the global population have to fickell t. digesting lactose, but a special kind of milk could be a game changer. this milk is said to be easier to digest. dairy farmer alwa

got genetic modifications didn't cause any disadvantage. we humans, animals or the environment even if people think differently, always insist on it. then why? why shindig, daniel dra formerly been sad. the dispute over modified wheat may have only just begun. now the global food shortage was high on the agenda of a meeting of j 20 finance ministers, which was dominated by the knock on effects of the war in ukraine. growing concerns over global hunger and an energy crisis, fueled by russia's invasion, was central to the talks over 2 days on the indonesian island of bali. some finance ministers from the group of 20 major economies blamed russia's military action for sending a shockwave through the global economy. but there was no unanimity on the issue leading to talks ending without a joint communique. reporter nadine fry slide, joins us from the indonesian capital to cotton was following events over the weekend. just took us through the areas that are a particular concern for the g. 20 finance ministers and when the overarching theme for t

on a vaccine scientists have to access r c o v to his genetic code they can then synthesize messenger r.n.a. molecules that carry information from the virus like how to build specific proteins the synthetic m r n a is enclosed in a liquid nanoparticle which delivers the vaccine to our cells once inside cellular machinery follows the m r n instructions and begins producing the viral protein which is then displayed on the surface of the cell that stimulates a protective response from the immune system. not professor klaus a critic from the institute please tell me what makes an m.r.i. in a vaccine a good candidate in the fight against. well 1st of all we have to say that the regulators are open to any kind of exit platforms that are currently developed skin to take actions against corporate 19 what makes our navy actions attractive is the technological progress that has been made to in the last years and although we don't have a license human to prevent infection yet we know from studies at least in the preclear the calorically nickel trial phase also on chuma vaccines that they are gen

every genetic test. the dna kid comes from ancestry, one of the world's biggest geology companies of its kind. you post the dna sample back to the lab, the analysis cost some 80 euros. but is it really a good idea to let a commercial company get its hands on such sensitive data? what happens to it at ancestry? the laboratory looks at over 700000 of the genetic markers in your dna. and then compare that with the samples in the company's ever growing database. the reporters dna as compared with that, a various ethnic groups globally. and are ethnic mixes determined who g of ancestors in africa, south america, or asia. the samples of 20000000 other users are checked for specific matches, you could discover some distant relatives. the whole process takes 3 weeks. unit wilma is meeting a woman who has been trying to find her blood relatives since she was young. she finally got lucky on the platform, my heritage as in kindergarten, when i was in day, can my friends always he's to ask me why i look different fr

it can preserve these genetic resources for the future. it will take time before genetic databases for honeybees can be built up across europe or worldwide. but in germany, these research as a hoping to have filed away material from some 300 colonies by the end of 2021. here in that gene bank of b. biodiversity. if outlet is red, white flag, and even if you have a science question, you'd like us to answer candidate. if we featured on this show, you get a little surprise as a thank you. can just you'll find us on the web at d.w. dot com slash science, or check us out on twitter. the nutritional components in milk and food, lactose fats, protein minerals and fishermen, mammals produce it to feed their young enough to fend for themselves. for us, humans, milk remains an important source of mutual even into adult it. that is despite estimates that 3 courses of the global population have difficulty digesting lactose . but a special kind of milk could be a game changer. this milk is said to be easier to digest. dairy farmer could stop, always ha

the genetic material comes from view ripple south america. it gives new potatoes 10 to skins, or the live is high news, the french fries and potato chips. and the crow times also still genes that make potato smoked around resistance disclose to put inside of the great potential in cryo preservation is that you can store this enormous diversity with all its resistance tolerance and diversity in one place, compactly in a container. and if needed, make it available to breed is and scientists or even private individuals. so that is one. so for fuel state and con, before freezing the plants that propagated in test to money, right in august has developed a global strategy. so preserve potations diversity. she's working on behalf of the crop try an international organization, seeking to preserve crop perversity, to do this novel travel to south america, to the taste on festal, home potato ways of being cultivated in the caribbean. and these, the 8000 is even today through has the greatest potato diversity in the world. red ones, blue ones, some with

they are also against planting genetically modified wheat. and when she met any that in one all is the hood and hansen, agricultural model that has become wide spread in argentina over the past 30 years . it's been at the mano cultures have very negative effects on the health of local residence. i don't think was rural accidents and produce less healthy food. and it ended as young and the medical center. but manufacturers reject accusations against genetically money. belated scenes, not ignored yet aren't any got genetic modifications didn't cause any disadvantage . we humans, animals or the environment even if people think differently, always insist on it. then why? why shindig! daniel dra formerly been sad. the dispute over modified wheat may have only just begun. now the global food shortage was high on the agenda of a meeting of g 20 finance ministers, which was dominated by the knock on effects of the war in ukraine. growing concerns over global hunger and an energy crisis, fueled by russia's invasion, was central to the talks over 2 day

until recently only small amounts of such genetic information could be saved but now that's changed. now that computers have become so powerful we no longer have to choose just a few parts of a spectrum to save and discard the rest now we can save the entire spectrum. that's an enormous advantage now the chemist can store the genetic fingerprints of every sample when a new one arrives the computer can quickly identify similar or identical genetic fingerprints from its database. the test can provide an immense amount of information where the food product originated what exactly it contains and whether it's organic or conventionally produced across the e.u. scientists are now building databases for a large number of food products here in the lobby specializing in eggs the lot can determine whether an egg comes from an organic or conventional that's another common form of fraud. a large database of organic and other eggs comes and that's supposedly organic we can feed that information into our computer and it will tell us whether it's an organic or free range eggs or a battery cage or.

and that decreases the genetic diversity. but globally, the situation is even more dramatic because these selected species from germany and austria are exported around the world. that means they displace the sub species that are well adapted to the local conditions. and that's why our database is so significant. it can preserve these genetic resources for the future. it will take time before genetic databases for honeybees can be built up across europe or worldwide. but in germany, these research is a hoping to have filed away material from some 300 colonies by the end of 2021. here and that gene, bank of b. biodiversity. if outlet is red, white flag, and even if you have a science question, you'd like us to answer send it in. if we featured on this show, you get a little surprise as a thank you. can just ask you'll find us on the web at d.f.w. dot com slash science or check us out on twitter. the nutritional components in milk include lactose fats press hien, minerals, and fishermen produce it to feed their young to fend for

all of us have variance in our genetic sequences. some variants are clinically significant.ell-known example of the then collection of variances sequences of brca1 into genes that one present indicate a substantial elevated lifetime risk of breast cancer pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and other types of cancer. variants such as these are natural biomarkers and this information including its associated with disease risk as unpatentable national phenomena. similarly the application of conventional sequencing technology to detect the presence or absence of such biomarkers as unpatentable by contrast nothing in the current law impedes patenting of new diagnostic techniques such as new tools to sequencing genes. some biomarkers have been discovered the human genome is vast. very important biomarkers remain to be discovered are increasing sophistication understand the biomarkers and clinical relevance is essential to the practice of personalized medicine. the absence of patents are national phenomena has not impaired innovation in the genetic diagnostics industry quite the opp

who develops most of the world's genetically modified crops. well only and then fold independent studies have been conducted health problems ranging from infertility to proliferate of changes have been detected to these foods cause cancer we have no idea because no long term health of these have been conducted anywhere in the rest easy because if someone in your family is diagnosed with cancer a number of treatments are available and you're the companies that provide on. it's. it's. it's. c c. it's it's. this is sarnia situated three hundred kilometers from toronto. you and i may not live in sardinia but we use the fruits of its labor. vinyl siding. your furniture pesticides chargeable batteries plastic food containers compact this cases paint and jet fuel and gasoline. to make these products over five and a half million kilograms of suspected and known human carcinogens with yourself. senses that cause cancer are emitted each year. dioxins one of the most toxic carcinogens known to science is also emitted during these chemical processes. sitti

so again, we do not need genetic engineering. what we need, and if just a small amount of the massive research that's been directed to genetic engineering since genetically-engineered food started being developed in the early '80s, we would, there would be so much better knowledge and so much more food being produced in the third world. because very little money, relatively speaking, is still being given to organic and agro-ecological. it's really a shame, but that's the case. so there should be a diversion of funds. the bill and melinda gates foundation should be stopping, should stop funding the development of yes genetically-engineered foods. you know, he is the richest man in the world -- or used to be. he now, i guess, is seesawing with other people, but he's one of the richest. his wealth has come from software development, and yet he is using a significant part of that substantial, massive fortune to fund a technology that is violating the basic principles of software development. i mean, it's one of the most ironic of the